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Nasim Namiranian1 
, Naserali Mirhosseini2 , Zohre Foroozanfar1 , Arefe Khaki1 , Hassan ali Mahmoudi Kohani3 , Nastaran Injinari *4
, Naserali Mirhosseini2 , Zohre Foroozanfar1 , Arefe Khaki1 , Hassan ali Mahmoudi Kohani3 , Nastaran Injinari *4
1- 1. Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ,nastaraninjinari@gmail.com
2- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ,
Abstract: (307 Views)
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a common autoimmune disease in children. Recent trends show a declining age of onset, raising concerns about contributing factors. This study identified factors associated with T1DM in children under five in Yazd, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 108 newly diagnosed T1DM patients registered in Iran's Rare Diseases Foundation between March 2020 and March 2024 were analyzed. Participants were divided into two groups based on age at diagnosis: ≤5 years and >5 years. Data on genetic history, pregnancy-related, neonatal, and childhood factors were collected via standardized checklists and parent interviews. Statistical analyses including logistic regression, were performed to evaluate associations with early-onset T1DM.
Results: Of the participants, 22.2% were diagnosed at or before five years of age. Maternal infection during pregnancy was significantly more common among early-onset cases (20.8% vs. 4.8%, p=0.025), increasing odds of early diagnosis by 5.26 times. Introducing cow’s milk at or after one year of age was protective against early T1DM (OR= 0.07, p=0.027). Other factors showed no significant differences.
Conclusion: Maternal infections during pregnancy and early introduction of cow’s milk, are key factors linked to early-onset T1DM in children under five. These findings highlight prenatal, nutritional, and metabolic influences on early T1DM development and emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 108 newly diagnosed T1DM patients registered in Iran's Rare Diseases Foundation between March 2020 and March 2024 were analyzed. Participants were divided into two groups based on age at diagnosis: ≤5 years and >5 years. Data on genetic history, pregnancy-related, neonatal, and childhood factors were collected via standardized checklists and parent interviews. Statistical analyses including logistic regression, were performed to evaluate associations with early-onset T1DM.
Results: Of the participants, 22.2% were diagnosed at or before five years of age. Maternal infection during pregnancy was significantly more common among early-onset cases (20.8% vs. 4.8%, p=0.025), increasing odds of early diagnosis by 5.26 times. Introducing cow’s milk at or after one year of age was protective against early T1DM (OR= 0.07, p=0.027). Other factors showed no significant differences.
Conclusion: Maternal infections during pregnancy and early introduction of cow’s milk, are key factors linked to early-onset T1DM in children under five. These findings highlight prenatal, nutritional, and metabolic influences on early T1DM development and emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Clinical Medicine
Received: 2025/09/28 | Accepted: 2026/04/12
Received: 2025/09/28 | Accepted: 2026/04/12
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