en Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine مقاله مروری Review Article <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="line-height:115%">PNS (Peripheral nervous system) disease comprises a wide range of manifestations from acruable damage to nerve body degeneration. Finding proper imaging sequences of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to maximize the detection sensitivity and specificity of PNS injuries, is the purpose for which this study was conducted. In this regard, due to Wallerian degeneration, axonal degeneration and inflammation after nerve injury, were mentioned as the inseparable factors of nerve damage, and clues to be detected by the MRI. Gadofluorine M and USPIO nanoparticles are candidates which provide contrast in multiple aspects, such as diagnostic approaches and drug tracking. For instance, the P904 USPIO particle is proper for long-term monitoring, while the CS015 (PAA-coated USPIO), USPIO-PEG-tLyP-1, and USPIO nanovesicles are appropriate for drug delivery. Besides contrast agents, the implication of gradient echo or 3D DW-PSIF provides more precious data over conventional sequences, including T2-weighed on the physiological or pathological PNS status. Eventually, although the real-time imaging and simplified procedure of the ultrasound technique have advantages over MRI, the low-resolution disvalues its benefits. Alternatively, there is a growing trend in the application of Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to acquire a clear concept of disease diagnosis, along with Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to successfully monitor the rate of nerve regeneration that is applicable for therapeutic approaches.</span></span></span></span></p> PNS, MRI, Ultrasound, Nanoparticle, Nerve Regeneration 415 431 http://journal.zums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-6652-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mehran Ebrahimi Shah-abadi Ebrahimi.Shahabadi78@gmail.com 5200319475328460078791 5200319475328460078791 No Dept. of Surgery, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Armin Ariaei arminaraee@gmail.com 5200319475328460078792 5200319475328460078792 No Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mohammadi mohammh747@gmail.com 5200319475328460078793 5200319475328460078793 No Dept. of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Iran Arash Shabani arash.shabani.980@gmail.com 5200319475328460078794 5200319475328460078794 No Dept. of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rastegar Rahmani Tanha rahmani.tanha99@gmail.com 5200319475328460078795 5200319475328460078795 No Dept. of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Vahid Tavakolian Ferdousie vahid.tavakolian.ferdousie4565@gmail.com 5200319475328460078796 5200319475328460078796 No Dept. of Neurosurgery, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Abdolmajid Taheri abdolmajid.taheri.25@gmail.com 5200319475328460078797 5200319475328460078797 No Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Mohsen Marzban mohsenmar3245@gmail.com 5200319475328460078798 5200319475328460078798 No Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran Mahdi Heydari mahdiheydari438@yahoo.com 5200319475328460078799 5200319475328460078799 No Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Auob Rustamzadeh auob2020rustamzade@gmail.com 5200319475328460078800 5200319475328460078800 Yes Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran