en Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine مقاله پژوهشی Original Research Article <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="background:#2d7f8f"><span style="color:white">Background & Objective:</span></span><b> </b></b><span style="color:black">Male factors account for approximately 50% of global infertility cases. This study aimed to compare the relationship between key serum reproductive hormones Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and testosterone and semen parameters in infertile men versus healthy, fertile controls across various clinically defined infertility causes.</span><br> <b><span style="background:#2d7f8f"><span style="color:white"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">&nbsp;Materials & Methods:</span></span></span></b> <span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">A comprehensive descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Maysan Province, Iraq. A total of 477 participants were enrolled, including 393 infertile men and 84 age-matched healthy controls. The infertile group was divided into six categories: Obstructive Azoospermia, Non-obstructive Azoospermia, Primary Hypogonadism, Secondary Hypogonadism, Asthenozoospermia, and Teratozoospermia. All participants underwent serum hormone analysis using validated ELISA techniques and detailed semen analysis. Female-factor infertility was carefully excluded to focus solely on male-specific causes.</span></span><br> <b><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="background:#2d7f8f"><span style="color:white">Results: </span></span></span>&nbsp;</b><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Significant differences in hormonal profiles were observed among the groups. FSH levels were markedly elevated in Non-obstructive Azoospermia and Primary Hypogonadism compared to healthy controls and the Obstructive Azoospermia group. LH concentrations were highest in Primary Hypogonadism and Non-obstructive Azoospermia, while suppressed in Secondary Hypogonadism. Testosterone levels were significantly lower in both Primary and Secondary Hypogonadism compared to healthy controls. Semen analysis showed distinct impairments across the infertile groups consistent with their underlying causes, while healthy controls exhibited optimal values.</span></span><br> <b><span style="background:#2d7f8f"><span style="color:white">Conclusion: </span></span>&nbsp;</b><span style="color:black">This study characterizes the distinct hormonal and semen parameter profiles associated with various male infertility etiologies in an Iraqi population. The findings highlight that FSH is a beneficial biomarker for differentiating between testicular failure and post-testicular causes, and confirm that integrating multiple parameters is a more effective approach than relying on a single marker for improved diagnosis and prognostic assessment in male infertility management.</span></span></span></p> <qb-div data-qb-element="re-enable-flow" style="z-index: 2147483647; max-width: 1px; max-height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; position: fixed; top: 10px; right: 10px;"> <div style="all: initial !important;"><qb-div style="all: initial !important;"></qb-div></div> </qb-div> Asthenozoospermia, Azoospermia, Hypogonadism, Iraq, Male Infertility, Teratozoospermia 250 260 http://journal.zums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-7134-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mohammed H. Dawood mohammed.h.dawood@uomisan.edu.iq 5200319475328460087424 0009-0007-0685-9130 No Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq Muntadher H. Dawood muntadhar_hannoun@uomisan.edu.iq 5200319475328460087425 0009-0001-7321-1525 No Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq Mohammed Al-Nussairawi dr.mohammed_talib@uomisan.edu.iq 5200319475328460087426 5200319475328460087426 Yes Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq