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Background and Objective: According to previous studies shift work could desynchronize the natural circadian rhythm of the body. Although some of the internal physiologic processes become active for adaptation of the body with this desynchronization. One of these physiologic processes is endocrine system and melatonin release. This hormone is one of the most important variants which represent the circadian rhythm in human. Since the pattern of secretion of this hormone in first ours of morning and during the day in Iranian workers in particular in shift workers is unknown, therefore we aimed to determine the 24 hours profile of melatonin in shift work and permanent day shift nurses. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on forty four female nurses of the Shiraz university hospital, during 2006-2008. Thirty four people in study group had a cyclic shift work and 10 persons in control group had permanent day shift work. The serum samples with 3 hours intervals during 24 hours were taken from each person. The plasma concentration of melatonin was measured by ELISA. Our study was carried out under realistic conditions. The data were analyzed using one –way ANOVA. Results: The age range was between 22 to 50 years with a mean work history of 5.5 years. The highest and the lowest melatonin levels was found in shift work nurses at 04:00 pm (14.91 pg/mL), and 04:00 am (131.49 pg/mL). These values for permanent day work nurses in the same times was 1.02 pg/mL and 177.40 pg/mL respectively. There was a significant difference between circadian melatonin profile at different time points (P= 0.000). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that night work induces a consistent change in melatonin circadian profile with a progressive reduction at early morning (04:00 am) and awaking time (07:00 am). These changes will also disturb sleep cycle and level of consciousness during the night and activities during the day.

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Background and Objective: For most of cancers there is no treatment and most of them ended in death. So, the first investigational stage is evaluation of toxic effects of drug fractions on cancer cells. Artemisia species are important medicinal plants throughout the world. In this study, anti-tumoral effects of seven Artemisia spp. fractions from Iran were studied on cancer and normal cells. Material and Methods: Ethanol, ethylacetate, dichloromethane and hexane fractions of seven Artemisia species from Iran were prepared by step to step procedure. Cultivated cancer and fibroblast cells were incubated with different concentrations of fractions for 72 hours and cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assay. Results were reported as IC50 (concentration that kills 50 percent of cells). Results: Obtained results showed strong and dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth by different Artemisia fractions. The most cytotoxicity effects were for dichloromethane fraction from Artemisia biennis on cervix cancer cells, dichloromethane fraction from Artemisia ciniformis on gastric cancer cells and dichloromethane fraction from Artemisia diffusa on colon cancer cells. Ethylacetate, dichloromethane and hexane fractions from Artemisia biennis, hexane fraction from Artemisia ciniformis, hexane fraction from Artemisia santulina and ethylacetate fraction from Artemisia vulgaris had the least toxic effect on normal L929 cells. Conclusion: Some isolated fractions caused a significant decrease in cancer cell growth and had less toxicity on normal cells. So, study on Artemisia in prevention or efficient treatment of different cancers is useful. Study the effect of effective fractions on apoptosis induction and determination of their mechanisms of actions is suggested.

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Background and Objective: Acne rosacea is a chronic skin disease with unknown etiology. Some reports have suggested an increased prevalence of helicobacter (H) pylori infection in patients with acne rosacea but it is controversial. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of H pylori between the acne rosacea patients and the healthy control group. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 30 patients with acne rosacea and 60 healthy individuals as a control group. 5 mL blood was taken from each person and anti-H pylori IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mean age was 45.8±14.05 years in acne rosacea patients and 41.4±12.3 years in control group. Seventeen (56.7%) of patients and fifty two (86.2%) of controls were infected by H pylori (P=0.002), but mean serum anti-H pylori IgG level was significantly higher in acne rosacea patients comparing to healthy control group (139.49±174.15 g/mL vs 38.87±23.50, P=0.005). Conclusion: Despite increased mean serum anti-H pylori IgG levels in acne rosacea patients, H pylori was more prevalent in healthy control group, in this study.

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Background and Objective: Cerebrovascular accidents are one of the most common causes of disability and mortality in human population all over the world. Several factors such as age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and heart diseases are risk factors for stroke. ِDue to high prevalence of cerebrovascular accidents and its related risk factors and particularly heart diseases, we decided to study echocardiography findings in patients with cerebrovascular accidents.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 372 cerebrovascular patients who had been admitted to Zanjan Vali-e-Asr hospital in 2008. The data such as gender, age, type of cerebrovascular accidents, underlying disease and findings of echocardiography were collected and then they analyzed by appropriate software.
Results: Of 372 patients, 181 were men (48.6%) and 191 were women (51.4%). Systolic function in 321 cases (86.3%) was normal and it was abnormal in 51 cases (13.7%). Diastolic function in 304 cases (81.9%) was normal and in 68 cases (18.1%) was abnormal. Twenty -two cases had mitral stenosis and 198 patients had mitral regurgitation, whereas 23 cases showed both of them. Nine cases had aortic stenosis; similarly 80 cases were found with aortic regurgitation and only 5 cases had both of them. 165 cases were found with tricuspid regurgitation, while 1 case had both regurgitation and stenosis. Sixty- three cases had ejection fraction below 40%. In one case there was a clot.
Conclusion: High frequency of abnormal echocardiography findings in stroke leading to cardiac disorders is one of the most important risk factor of stroke. Thus, with echocardiography which is a non-invasive technique, many of heart problems can be diagnosed and consequently occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents can be prevented or treated.

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Objective and Background: The incidence of prenatal mortality is one of the most important health indicators of a community. Through identifying factors which bring about prenatal mortality and through raising awareness of pregnant mothers concerning attention to medical cares over pregnancy period, such prenatal mortalities can be remarkably reduced. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency of prenatal mortality rates and its causes over one- year -period in Abhar Emdadi Hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on 55 fetus and neonatal mortality cases from week 22 of pregnancy to day 28 after birth. They died at birth or after birth. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: The common causes of prenatal mortality were prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome and then IUFD (Intra Uterine Fetal Death) and chromosomal abnormality. 21.8% of prenatal mortality cases was due to IUFD.78.2% of prenatal mortalities happened after birth. 88% of prenatal mortality occurred in premature neonates. Common causes of IUFD were congenital abnormality and preterm birth in comparison with neonates who born alive and whose deaths were mostly due to severe prematurity, RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome), and chromosomal abnormality. Conclusion: The leading factors to prevent prenatal death rest on inhibiting preterm birth and low birth weight delivery. Also emphasis on special cares during prenatal period, identifying and following high risk mothers and setting up NICU wards could vastly reduce prenatal mortality rates.

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Background and Objective: Sleep Diary is the most practical and cost-effective tool for evaluating sleep habits. However, measurement errors are common issues with self report methods in medical research. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a self- report method compared to Actigraph in assessing sleep patterns in children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 children aged 6 to 9 years who were selected by multistage sampling in primary schools of Tehran. The sleep patterns during a week were measured using two methods of self- report and Actigraph. The parents were asked to report the sleep pattern of their children. Results: The results of the current study indicated that sleep duration determined through the self- report method was overestimated compared to Actigraph (P=0.001). Parents reported the onset of children sleep significantly earlier than Actigraph (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between self- report and Actigraph for wake -up time. Conclusion: The findings of this study illustrate low accuracy of self- report method for determining sleep duration and sleep onset in children. Although, self report is a valid method for measuring wake -up time in children, it has a low validity for assessing the other components of sleep pattern.

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Background and Objective: There is a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes in most populations. Therefore, interest in use of functional foods for the control of such diseases is of importance. The present study was designed to compare the effects of inulin and oligofructose-enriched inulin on glycemic indices and blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 76 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The intervention groups received 10g/d oligofructose-enriched inulin (n=27) or inulin (n=24) and the control group (n=25) received 10g/d maltodextrin for 8 weeks. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements, glycemic index and blood pressure were measured at the baseline and after 8 weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version11.5). Paired, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to compare quantitative variables. Results: At the end of the study significant decrease was observed in energy and carbohydrate intake, anthropometric indices, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c and serum insulin in intervention groups compared with the placebo group (P<0.05). Decrease in carbohydrate intake (16.50%), serum insulin (18.50%) and insulin sensitivity index (QUICKI) (16.70%) was significant in inulin as compared to oligofructose-enriched inulin group. Conclusions: Probably, supplementation of diabetic women with fructans in particular with long chain fructan (inulin) via improving food intake, glycemic indices and blood pressure contributes to the management of type 2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) for transplantation and the importance of -adrenergic signals in induction of this process have been well investigated. However, little is known about the role of -adrenergic signals in mobilization of HSCs and factors influenced by these signals. The Chemokine Stromal Derived Factor -1 (SDF-1) which is expressed by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), has a key role in mobilization of HSCs. In addition, miR-886-3p and miR-23a can regulate the expression of SDF-1 in hMSCs. In this study, to investigate the role of miR-886-3p and miR-23a in mobilization process, expression of both miRNAs was evaluated in hMSCs treated by Isoproterenol (a -adrenergic agonist). Materials and Methods: hMSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and cultured. Following flowcytometric analysis, the cells were treated with 100 M isoproterenol. Total RNA was extracted at 12 and 48 hours post treatment, and also from untreated hMSCs as control. Then, miR-886-3p and miR-23a expression levels were quantified by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Results: The expression level of miR-886-3p increased significantly at 12 and 48 hours post treatment (P<0.05). In addition, the expression level of miR-23a decreased at 12 hours post treatment and increased significantly at 48 hours post treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Isoproterenol induces miR-886-3p in hMSCs. MiR-23a is primarily decreased, and then increased due to treating with isoproterenol. So both miRNAs can contribute to mobilization process. References 1- Horowitz MM, Gale RP, Sondel PM, et al. Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1990 75: 555-62. 2- Sykes M, Nikolic B. Treatment of severe autoimmune disease by stem-cell transplantation. Nature. 2005 435: 620-7. 3- Copelan EA. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2006 354: 1813-26. 4- Wright DE, Wagers AJ, Gulati AP, Johnson FL, Weissman IL. Physiological migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Science. 2001 294: 1933-6. 5- Anderlini P, Körbling M. The use of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells from normal donors for allografting. Stem cells. 1997 15: 9-17. 6- Orkin SH, Zon LI. Hematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology. Cell. 2008 132: 631-44. 7- Levesque J-P, Winkler IG. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells: state of the art. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2008 13: 53-8. 8- Motabi IH, DiPersio JF. Advances in stem cell mobilization. Blood Rev. 2012 26: 267-78. 9- Siena S, Bregni M, Brando B, Ravagnani F, Bonadonna G, Gianni AM. Circulation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood of high-dose cyclophosphamide-treated patients: enhancement by intravenous recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood. 1989 74: 1905-14. 10- Dar A, Kalinkovich A, Netzer N, et al. AMD3100 signals via the nervous system, inducing release to the circulation of bone marrow SDF-1, which is crucial for progenitor cell mobilization. Blood. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2006 108: Abstract, 1315. 11- Mendez-Ferrer S, Battista M, Frenette PS. Cooperation of 2-and 3-adrenergic receptors in hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 1192: 139-44. 12- Spiegel A, Shivtiel S, Kalinkovich A, et al. Catecholaminergic neurotransmitters regulate migration and repopulation of immature human CD34+ cells through Wnt signaling. Nat Immunol. 2007 8: 1123-31. 13- Katayama Y, Battista M, Kao W-M, et al. Signals from the sympathetic nervous system regulate hematopoietic stem cell egress from bone marrow. Cell. 2006 124: 407-21. 14- Dar A, Schajnovitz A, Lapid K, et al. Rapid mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors by AMD3100 and catecholamines is mediated by CXCR4-dependent SDF-1 release from bone marrow stromal cells. Leukemia. 2011 25: 1286-96. 15- Muthu K, Iyer S, He L-K, et al. Murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors express adrenergic receptors. J Neuroimmunol. 2007 186: 27-36. 16- Méndez-Ferrer S, Lucas D, Battista M, Frenette PS. Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations. Nature. 2008 452: 442-7. 17- Almquist A, Goldenberg IF, Milstein S, et al. Provocation of bradycardia and hypotension by isoproterenol and upright posture in patients with unexplained syncope. N Engl J Med. 1989 320: 346-51. 18- Sorrentino A, Ferracin M, Castelli G, et al. Isolation and characterization of CD146 multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Hematol. 2008 36: 1035-46. 19- Ponomaryov T, Peled A, Petit I, et al. Induction of the chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 following DNA damage improves human stem cell function. J Clin Invest. 2000 106: 1331-9. 20- Ceradini DJ, Kulkarni AR, Callaghan MJ, et al. Progenitor cell trafficking is regulated by hypoxic gradients through HIF-1 induction of SDF-1. Nat Med. 2004 10: 858-64. 21- Sugiyama T, Kohara H, Noda M, Nagasawa T. Maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool by CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling in bone marrow stromal cell niches. Immunity. 2006 25: 977-88. 22- Petit I, Szyper-Kravitz M, Nagler A, et al. G-CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF-1 and up-regulating CXCR4. Nat Immunol. 2002 3: 687-94. 23- Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, et al. Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow niche requires MMP-9 mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell. 2002 109: 625-37. 24- Fedyk ER, Jones D, Critchley HOD, Phipps RP, Blieden TM, Springer TA. Expression of stromal-derived factor-1 is decreased by IL-1 and TNF and in dermal wound healing. J Immunol. 2001 166: 5749-54. 25- Nakayama T, Mutsuga N, Tosato G. Effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 on stromal cell-derived factor 1 production by bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoiesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 99: 223-35. 26- Lu MH, Li CZ, Hu CJ, et al. microRNA-27b suppresses mouse MSC migration to the liver by targeting SDF-1 alpha in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 421: 389-95. 27- Solingen C, Boer HC, Bijkerk R, et al. MicroRNA-126 modulates endothelial SDF-1 expression and mobilization of Sca-1+/Lin− progenitor cells in ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res. 2011 92: 449-55. 28- Morenos L, Saffery R, Mechinaud F, et al. Evaluation of microRNA expression in patient bone marrow aspirate slides. PloS one. 2012 7: e42951. 29- Wu L, Zhou H, Zhang Q, et al. DNA methylation mediated by a microRNA pathway. Mol Cell. 2010 38: 465-75. 30- Davis-Dusenbery BN, Hata A. Mechanisms of control of microRNA biogenesis. J Biochem. 2010 148: 381-92. 31- Budhu A, Ji J, Wang X. The clinical potential of microRNAs. J Hematol Oncol. 2010 3: 37. 32- Minayi N, Alizadeh S, Dargahi H, et al. The Effect of miR-210 Up-regulation on proliferation and survival of mouse bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 2014 8: 15. 33- Pillai MM, Yang X, Balakrishnan I, Bemis L, Torok-Storb B. MiR-886-3p down regulates CXCL12 (SDF1) expression in human marrow stromal cells. PloS one. 2010 5: e14304. 34- Fierro F, Poitz D, Nolta JA, et al. MicroRNA mir-23a regulates SDF-1alpha expression in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Blood. 2008: 112: 841. 35- Levesque J-P, Liu F, Simmons PJ, et al. Characterization of hematopoietic progenitor mobilization in protease-deficient mice. Blood. 2004 104: 65-72.

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Background and Objective: Acute bronchiolitis is one of the most common reasons for inflammation, small airways obstruction, and lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. Owing that there has been no study on the efficacy of hypersaline 3% in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in Iran, the present study was undertaken to deal with this issue.

Materials and Methods: This double-blinded clinical trial was carried out in Hajar Hospital of Shahrekord in 2013-2014. 70 patients under 2 years of age with bronchiolitis were assigned to two groups of 35 each. The first group received nebulized Ventolin while the second group was given nebulized hypersaline 3% three times a day. Subsequent to these administrations, recovery duration was compared in both groups.

Results: The mean and standard deviation of recovery duration in the Ventolin group was 4.14±0.9 days and in the hypersaline 3% group was 3.06±0.6 days. T-test and mean recovery duration was significantly lower in the hypersaline 3% group (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Nebulizer hypersaline 3% had a better therapeutic effect than Ventolin in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. Therefore, the use of this drug, rather than Ventolin, is recommended for the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in children under two years of age.

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Background and Objective: Genetic factors greatly impact the response to treatment in patients. Recent studies on rs10853728 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter area, determined the IL-28B gene as a host factor affecting the treatment of hepatitis C infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate this polymorphism among Iranian patients

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 53 blood samples of patients with hepatitis C (49 patients were sensitive and 4 patients resistant to treatment) and 30 healthy controls. After DNA extraction from buffy coat samples, the frequency of polymorphisms was determined. Finally, the PCR products were detected on agarose gel electrophoresis. For statistical analysis of the data, the chi-square method was used.

Results: About 30 healthy controls (negative for HCV Ab ELISA test) participated in this survey. Of the 53 patients tested, none of them were homozygous CC (Wild Type) and only 2 (%3.8) were homozygous GG, one of which was sensitive to treatment. Of the 51 remaining patients, 48 (%96.2) were heterozygous CG and sensitive to treatment with peg interferon and ribavirin while 3 of the patients were resistant to treatment.

Conclusion: Statistical analysis showed that patients with the G allele had significantly higher sustained viralogic response (SVR) rate than those with the C allele. This data suggest that genotype detection of rs10853728  single nucleotide polymorphism may be useful as an important predictive biomarker for SVR in patients infected with HCV. However, further studies with more samples will lead to more valid results.

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Background and Objective: Balance disorders are a common problem in patients with MS. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of selected Tai Chi exercises and core stabilization exercises on balance in multiple sclerosis patients with an emphasis on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).

Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 72 MS patients were purposefully selected and were divided into three groups; Tai Chi, core stabilization exercises and control group (each group consisting of 24 patients), each group had two subgroups; mild or moderate degree of disability. Biodex balance system meter was used to measure the patients' balance.The two experimental groups underwent Tai Chi and core stabilization exercises for 8 weeks. MANCOVA was used to analyze the results.

Results: Statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between balance (static and dynamic) in the control group with tai chi and core stability groups ( P<0/05). There was no significant difference between the two experimental groups (P>0/05). This means that the effect of these exercises in improving balance is equal. The effectiveness of Tai Chi exercises and core stability exercises on balance in patients with a moderate degree of disability was higher than patients with a mild degree of disability.

Conclusion: Exercises have different effects on patients with different degrees of disability. The effect of exercises on balance in patients with a moderate degree of disability was more than patients with a mild degree of disability. Exercise intensity should be increased for greater effectiveness in patients with a moderate degree of disability.

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Background and Objective: Delinquent behavior of adolescents is one of the major concerns of societies, families and social institutions. Therefore, a comprehensive and multi-component analysis of this issue can lead to effective interventions. This study was an effort to find the relationship of personality factors, emotion regulation, antisocial cognition, mental health, and life fields in juvenile delinquency behaviors.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study, 394 male high school students in Zanjan, from the second, third and fourth grades were selected using the cluster sampling in the academic year  2015-2016. Data were collected using Neo Personality Questionnaire, Grass & John Emotion Scale, Mental Health Questionnaire, Singer Family Scale, Collaborating with criminal Peers by Pascal Grossmic Self-Control Questionnaire, Scale Otting school satisfaction, Walter’s antitrust cognitive questionnaire, Iranian adolescent risk taking  questionnaire and delinquent behavior questionnaire  and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.
Results: The results of the multiple regression showed that delinquent behaviors had a positive and significant relationship with self-control variables (P <0.001), delinquent peers (P <0.001), antisocial cognition (P <0.001)(P = 0.44), while the relationship with family monitoring (P = 0.006) and conscientiousness (P = 0.003) was negative and significant.
Conclusion: Delinquent peers, self-control, antisocial cognition, family monitoring, conscientiousness, and neuroticism have independent relationship with juvenile delinquency behaviors.

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Background and Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain and a structural component of neuronal membranes. The present study aimed to examine the effect of DHA on spatial learning and memory in an electrical obliteration of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) model of Alzheimer's disease.
Materials and Methods: In this study 56 adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: control, lesion (which received bilateral electrical lesions of the NBM), sham (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no lesion), lesion + DHA (0.1, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg; ip) and Vehicle (lesion + Sesame Oil 0.2mL). After one week, the rats were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty-five days after training, a retention test was performed to determine long-term memory.
Results: Bilateral NBM lesion reduced spatial learning in comparison with control and sham groups (P<0.001). No effect on spatial learning was seen in the vehicle group compared with the lesion group. Treatment with DHA in the following groups; lesion + DHA 1mg/kg (P<0.05), lesion + DHA 2.5mg/kg (P<0.01), lesion + DHA 5mg/kg (P<0.01), significantly improved spatial learning. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the results on the 5th day of training and memory retention on the 30th day.
Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that Docosahexaenoic acid improves spatial learning defects in an electrical lesion of NBM model of Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner.

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Background and Objective: Non-specific chronic low back pain (NSLBP) is the most common type of chronic lower back pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of core stability exercises via Swiss ball and Sling on pain and quality of life in women with NSLBP.
Materials and Methods: The subjects participated voluntarily (n=32, Age= 19 to 45 years) and were randomly divided into three groups: Swiss ball exercise (BE) group (n:11, Age:36.3 ± 7.2), Sling exercise (SE) group (n:11, Age:35.9 ± 8.1) and Control group (n:10, Age:32.9 ± 7.6), The BE group and the SE group performed their exercise protocols for 8 weeks and during this period, the control group did not engage in any exercise. Pain and quality of life (QOL) was assessed Pre and Post intervention using the Quebec pain questionnaire and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 20.
Results: The results of Repeated Measures and Non-parametric tests showed that when comparing the two experimental groups and the control group, pain levels and the scale of physical and mental health were significantly different respectively (P=0/002, P<0/001 and P<0/001). A difference between the two experimental groups was not observed, however, the means of pain and the scale of physical and mental health from pre-test to post-test showed a greater difference in the SE group when compared to the BE group.
Conclusion: According to the results of this research and taking into account the low sample size, it is possible that despite the more altered means in the SE group, the 8 weeks of core stability exercises via Swiss ball and Sling had the same positive effect on low back pain in women with NSLBP.