Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially fatal problem induced by the consumption of antipsychotic drugs, especially traditional drugs which are more common in youngsters and males. This paper describes the first reported case of a clinical presentation of NMS (induced by the consumption of Risperidone) in an old woman, who was suffering from psychotic processes. Due to psychotic depression and with differential diagnosis of schizoaffective, the woman had been prescribed a low and medium dosage of Risperidone, but she suddenly and unexpectedly developed clinical NMS. Despite special treatments and services, she passed away after 14 days. In spite of rare universal reports regarding the development of NMS induced by the consumption of Risperidone, so far no occurrence of NMS in aged women has been reported.

Background & objective: With regard to increasing use of opioids and their potential role in infertility research centers around the world are in search of pharmacologic compounds which could neutralize effects of opioids and overcome infertility through administration of GnRH and its analogues which also do not have considerable side effects.
Materials & Methods: In this study male wistar rats weighing 200-250 gr were used. At different intervals (5-10-15 days) 5mg/kg morphine was injected intraperitonneally into the male rats. Then they were divided in 5 groups of 8. The first group contained intact rats, while saline, morphine, naloxone, and fertagyl were injected into the second third, fourth and fifth groups respectively. Then the rats were anesthetized and their bloods were taken for further tests.
Results: The results showed that morphine induces loss of testis weight and diameter, loss of weight in rats, and nutritional and behavior changes. Furthermore, a significant changes in the amounts of LH and testosterone hormones was observed in all groups (p<0.05) while no significant change in the amount of FSH was observed.
Conclusion: Since the experimental groups into which naloxone and GnRH were injected showed no significant difference, we suggest that naloxone and GnRH be administrated as opioid antagonist to slove the problem of morphine-induced infertility.

Background and Objective: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases of childhood which may cause serious morbidity. We evaluated recurrence rate of UTI in children without congenital abnormalities who were at the age of 1 month to 12 years old.
Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was carried out for three months after the termination of the treatment in order to determine the rate of recurrence and re-infection in children (sex segregationation) at the age of 1 month to 6 years and 6 to 12 years who did not have any anatomical or functional urinary abnormalities at Arak Amir kabir Hospital.
Results: In total, 250 patients (224 girls and 26 boys) were evaluated. 17 girls had recurrences , of whom, 2 cases (%11/7) were under 1 year old ,14 cases (%82/2) had 1 to 6 years old and 1 case (5/8%) was in the 6 to 12 years old group. In the first month there was no relapse and most recurrences occurred through the third month (%65). All recurrences were symptomatic.
Conclusion:  Due to low rate of recurrence of urinary infection in our study group, repeated cultures and prophylactic treatments is not recommended in children and infants without underlying congenital renal abnormalities. In such cases, UTI can be prevented by effective trainings.