Background & Objectives: Reports suggest that co-administration of Matricaria Chamomilla (MC) extract with morphine greatly attenuates the dependence on morphine and its injection prior to naloxan inhibits the withdrawal syndrome. Locus Ceruleus (LC) and paragigantocellularis (PGi) nuclei play a key role in appearance of withdrawal syndrome. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of MC extract injection into pGi nucleus on morphine withdrawal in rats.
Materials & Methods: 30 rats (Weighing 250-300gr) were divided into two groups of control (receiving saline) and morphine- treated. Following surgical implantation of cannula, morphine- treated group received morphine twice daily for 7 days. This group was classified into 4 sub-groups. The first sub-group received only morphine while the three remaining sub-groups were administed with Matricaria Chamomilla on day 7, five minutes prior to 1 microliter naloxan injection, with 10, 25, and 50 microgr/lit, respectively. In all groups 5 mg/kg naloxan was injected 3 hours after the final injection of morphine and withdrawal behavior (jumping and climbing) was investigated for 30 minutes.
Results: The results showed that injection of all three high doses of MC extract particulary 25 microgr/microlit into PGi nuclens could significantly decline the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome.
Conclusion: It seems that injection of MC extract into PGi nucleus could be beneficial to the treatrnent of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats.

Background and Objective: Effects of electeromagnetic exposure on different parts of neruous system and memory of humans and animals has been established. In spite of important human studies, animal studies have been more precise and comprehensive. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF, <300Hz), have been reported to induce a variaty of behavioral and physiological function changes in animals. The object of present study was to determine the delay and durartion time of convulsions induced by co- exposure of ELF and strychnine. Materials and Methods: The effects of ELF on convulsions induced by strychnine (1mg/Kg) were investigated in 60 albino mice. Animals were devided into 6 groups (n=10), including control (I), 100Hz and 20Volt (II), 25Hz and 20Volt (III), 25Hz and 260Volt (IV), 100Hz and 260Volt (V), and 100Hz and 260Volt (VI). Delay time (Det) and duration time (Dut) of convulsions were measured respectively. Increase and decrease in Det and Dut were determined and were compared in control and five ELF exposed groups. Results: There was no significant difference in Det and Dut parameters between control (I) and III, IV and VI groups. In all these groups the convulsions terminated in animal death after a low Dut. In contrast there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in Det parameters between control (I) and the other groups (II and V). No deaths happened in groups (II and V). Conclusion: Co-exposure of higher ELF frequency and strychnine may decrease the epileptic effects of the drug.

Backgrounds and Objectives: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) which is a derivative of vitamin A, exert fundamental effects on regulation of cell growth, differenation and apoptosis. Recently, resistance to cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil developed in gastric adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the combination treatment of ATRA with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil on gastric (AGS) and esophageal (KYSE-30) cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: KYSE-30 and AGS cell lines were cultivated in RPMT-1640, including sub-toxic concentration of ATRA (13.6 and 3.6µM respectively) for 6 days. Then, treat with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for 72h. The effects of combination treatment tested by MTT assay, ethidium bromide/acridin orange (EB/AO) staining and flow cytometry. Results: Determination of IC50 (Inhibitory concentration of 50%) with MTT assay showed, that combination treatment had cytotoxic effect in both cell lines. IC50 value of the combined drugs was lower than the IC50 of drugs alone. (P<0/05) The percentage of apoptotic cells was increased in comparison to drugs alone in EB/AO staining. (P<0/05) Furthermore there was an indication that the combination of ATRA with cisplatin caused increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M in AGS and Kyse-30 cells. Also, ATRA and 5fu, induced increased the cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase in Kyse-30 and AGS cells (P<0/001). Conclusion: Our finding demonstrated that sub-toxic concentration of combination treatment of ATRA with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil had additive cytotoxic effects on KYSE-30 and AGS cancer cell lines. References 1- Takaishi S, Okumura T, Tu S, et al. Identification of gastric cancer stem cells using the cell surface marker CD44. Stem Cells. 2009 27: 1006-20. 2- Enzinger P, Mayer R. Esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 349: 2241-52. 3- Mohamadkhani A, Darvish Moghaddam S, Salmanroghani H, et al. Are the serum biomarkers pepsinogen I and II good predictors for the detection of subjects with atrophic gastritis in areas that have different gastric cancer incidence? Arch Iran Med. 2013 16: 208-12. 4- Ho YP, AuYeung SC, To KK. Platinum-based anticancer agents: innovative design strategies and biological perspectives. Med Res Rev. 2003 23: 633-55. 5- Gonzalez VM, Fuertes MA, Alonso C, Perez JM. Is cisplatin-induced cell death always produced by apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 59: 657-63. 6- Shimizu M, Suzui M, Deguchi A, Lim JT, Weinstein IB. Effects of acyclic retinoid on growth, cell cycle control, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and gene expression in human squamous cell carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 10: 1130-40. 7- Sacks PG, Harris D, Chou TC. Modulation of growth and proliferation in squamous cell carcinoma by retinoic acid: a rationale for combination therapy with chemotherapeutic agents. 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The effect pathway of retinoic acid through regulation of retinoic acid receptor alpha in gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2001 7: 662-6. 14- Lotan R, Xu XC, Lippman SM, et al. Suppression of retinoic acid receptor-beta in premalignant oral lesions and its up-regulation by isotretinoin. N Engl J Med. 1995 332: 1505-10. 15- Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature. 2000 407: 770-6. 16- Dalirsani Z, Farajnia S, Javadzadeh Y, Mehdipour M, Koozegari S. The Effects of 5-fluorouracil alone and in combination with 13-cis retinoic asid and vitamin D3 on human oral squamous cell carcinoma lines. J Contemp Dent Practice. 2012 13: 345-50. 17- Hung S, Lee F, Su C, Tseng H. Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the growth of two nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines and its treatment potential in combination with cisplatin. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 20124: 695-704. 18- Aebi S, Kroning R, Cenni B, et al. All-trans retinoic acid enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human ovarian adenocarcinoma and in squamous head and neck cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 1997 3: 2033-8. 19- Hu l, Minden M, McCulloch E. Direct evidence for the participation of bcl-2 in the regulation by retinoic acid of the Ara-C sensitivity of leukemic stem cells. Leukemia. 1995 9: 1667-73. 20- Blagosklonny MV, Pardee AB. The restriction point of the cell cycle. Cell Cycle. 2002 1: 103-10. 21- Sorenson CM, Barry MA, Eastman A. Analysis of events associated with cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and cell death induced by cisplatin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990 82: 749-55. 22- Yoshikawa R, Kusunoki M, Yanagi H, et al. Dual antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil on the cell cycle in colorectal carcinoma cells: a novel target mechanism concept for pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2001 61: 1029-37.

Background and Objective: Epidemiologic studies have reported a wide range of prevalence rates for oral lesions across the world. This study aimed to determine the frequency of oral lesions among patients of the Department of Oral Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran in 2014-2015.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, forms including demographical information, clinical features of lesions, and medical history were filled out by 2465 patients. Oral lesions were categorized into six groups and were studied clinically and or histopathologically. Anatomic normal variations were not included in the study. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests were used to analyze the data.

Results: Out of a total of 2465 patients, 224(9.6%) presented with oral lesions. The frequency of oral lesions among women (122, 51.3%) was statistically higher than men (116, 48.7%) (p= 0.009). White-red lesions (104, 4.22%) were found to be the most frequent group of lesions while geographic tongue (35, 1.42%) was the most common type of lesion. Most oral lesions were found in the age range of 40-60 years. However, no significant difference was found among age groups in terms of presence of oral lesions. Most oral lesions were found in the labial mucosa.

Conclusion: An oral lesion frequency rate of 9.6% was found in our study, with white-red lesions being the most common group and geographic tongue being the most frequent type of lesion. The most common site of oral lesions was the labial mucosa.

Background and Objective: Dyskinesia is a debilitating complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), which appears due to some known risk factors. The effect of diabetes and high plasma glucose on the manifestation of dyskinesia has been evaluated in just a few previous reports. The current study aimed to assess the mentioned correlation.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 88 patients with PD were enrolled and categorized into two equal groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. They were selected from the movement disorder clinic in Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Patients were evaluated regarding the presence of dyskinesia and its characteristics, besides the assessment of other clinical parameters. 
Results: The prevalence of dyskinesia in diabetics, compared to non-diabetics, showed a higher rate (P=0.033). Baseline parameter equality was confirmed to exclude the confounding bias effect. Simultaneous involvement of upper and lower extremities (right after drug intake) was the most prevalent sign of dyskensia in diabetic patients with PD.
Conclusion: The comorbidity of PD and diabetes showed a higher prevalence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in PD; this result was obtained based on homogeneity of the two groups in manners of age, disease, treatment duration and the dosage of levodopa.