Background & Objectives: Regarding the high prevalence of dental caries and its individual complications and the reports concerning the effects of healthy behavior on oral and dental hygiene, this study was carried out with the aim of investigating of different oral and dental-care procedures among adolescent population of Zanjan province during the academic year 2004-2005.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 1500 high school students through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed through content validity and repeated test respectively. Descriptive statistics and X 2 test were used to determine the difference among groups (based on a number of demographic features).
Results: The most common dental-care procedure among the students was brushing (89.7%) and statistical tests showed a significant difference in terms of gender (P=0.001), different educational levels (P=0.04), different schools (P=0.02) and different school areas (P=0.001).
Conclusion: The only common dental-care procedure used by the province adolescents was brushing. Hence, planning for various oral and dental-care procedures in adolescent population is highly recommended.

Background and Objective: Saffron is widely used as a food flavor and has well known medicinal effects. Recent studies have revealed that main components of saffron including carotenoids: crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal have a large number of physiological effects on different biological systems. We decided to assess the possible effect of saffron extract on concentratians of LH, FSH and testosterone in mice. Materials and Methods: Four groups each including eight adult male Balb/C mice weighing 30 5g were chosen. Normal saline was administered as placebo to control group and saffron extract in doses of 25 , 50 and 100 was injected intraperitoneally for 20 days to test groups. Serum FSH, LH and testosterone, were measured using ELISA. Results: The level of FSH, LH and testosterone significantly increased in 100 saffron treated group, as compared with with placebo group. No significant differences were observed between other test groups and placebo. Conclusion: The study indicates efficacy of saffron extract in dose of 100 mg/kg/ 48h on pituitary-testis axis in mice. However further studies are needed to determine the effect of saffron on human reproductivity.

Background and objectives: Uterine smooth muscle tumors are the most common human neoplasms. They are divided clinically as benign and malignant but there is another group of lesions which is difficult to place in these two categories, so-called (STUMP) and differentiation of these tumors on the basis of H&E staining is impossible. The aim of this study was to find a set of distinguishing objective biomarkers and a survey of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers comparing these three groups of tumors. Materials and Methods: Twenty one (21) cases in each group of the above mentioned tumors were randomly selected (63 cases in total ) from pathobiology laboratories of Kermanshah and Shiraz cities and studied by IHC for expression of ER, PR, C-kit, Bcl-2, P16, and P53 . Results: The frequency of IHC markers expression in leiomyosarcoma (LMS) were as follow: ER (5.26%), PR (15.52%), P53 (26.31%), Bcl-2 (15.78%), C-kit (15.52%) and P16 (15.42%). In the STUMP cases: PR (23.80%), Bcl-2 (4.76%) and P16 (9.52%), ER, C-kit and P53 were not expressed. In Leiomyoma group, only Bcl-2 was expressed (14.28%) and the others had no expression. P53 and P16 expression between the two groups of Leiomyoma and LMS, and also STUMP and LMS were significantly different (P<0.05). Conclusion: P53 and P16 are reliable markers for differentiation between STUMP and LMS and also Leiomyoma from LMS and have a high diagnostic specificity. STUMP is used to identify cases in which clinicopathologic findings for final diagnosis as benign or malignant is not adequate. In this study a high similarity of STUMP group of immunohistochemical profile with benign cases was seen.

Background and Objective: Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are unpleasant feelings which frequently occur after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexamethasone and propofol in prevention of PONV in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: 60 patients with ASA status 1-2, who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy with similar general anesthesia were selected and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (20 patients in each group). Group I received 0.5 mg/kg propofol (i.v), group II received 8 mg dexamethasone (i.v) and group III received normal salin 9.0% (i.v) as placebo, following the completion of surgery, 1 and 24 hours after the surgery patients with 0-2 level of consciousness were questioned about the presence of nausea and vomiting. Results: Over 1 to 24 hours after the surgery, PONV in the dexamethasone group was significantly less than the other groups. Also the incidence of PONV in the Propofol group was lower compared to Placebo group. Conclusion: A single dose of dexamethasone after surgery is effective in prevention of PONV in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Also the incidence of PONV can be effectively reduced with Propofol. References 1- Fujii Y, Nakayama M. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with a small dose of propofol alone and combined with dexamethasone in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blined study. Surge Endosc. 2008 22: 1268-71. 2- Wang JJ, Ho ST, Liu YH, et al. Dexamethasone reduce nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth. 1999 83: 772-5. 3- Bisgaard T, Klarskov B, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J. Preoperative dexamethasone improve surgical outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg. 2003 238: 651-60. 4- Fujii Y. Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2011 25: 691-5. 5- Wang JJ, Ho ST, Uen YH, et al. Small dose dexamethasone reduce nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparison of tropisetron with saline. Anesth Analg. 2002 95: 229-32. 6- Fukami Y, Terasaki M, Okamoto Y, et al. Efficacy of preoperative dexamethasone in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blined study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009 16: 367-71. 7- Erhan Y, Erhan E, Aydede H, Yumus O, Yentur A. Ondansetron, granisetrone and dexamethasone compared for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparascopic cholecystectomy: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Surg Endosc. 2008 22: 1487-92. 8- Yoo YC, Bai SJ, Lee KY, Shin S, Choi EK, Lee JW. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol reduces prostoprative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing robot assisted laparascopic radical prostatectomy. Yonsei Med J. 2012 53: 1197-1202. 9- Arsalan M, Demir ME. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with a small dose of propofol combined with dexamethasone 4 mg or dexamethasone 8 mg in patients undergoing middle ear surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011 112: 332-6. 10- Sanchez-Rodriquez PE, Fuentes Orozco C, Gonzalez Ojeda A. Effect of dexamethasone on postoperative symptom in patient undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surgery. 2010 34: 895-900. 11- Fujli Y, Itakura M. Reduction of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and analgesic requirement with dexamethasone for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2010 24: 692-6. 12- Hosseini N, Mousavi nassab N, Salimi H. The assessment of result of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Valiasr and Shafeiieh hospital in Zanjan. Zanjan Univ Med Sci J. 2005 50: 51-55. 13- Ryu JH, Chang JE, Kim tlR, Hwang JW, Oh AY, Do SH. Ramosetron vs ramosetron plus dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic chole cystectomy prospectiue, romdomized, and double- blind study. Int J Surg. 2013 11: 183-7. 14- Fujii Y, Itakura M, Low dose propofol to prevent nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery. Int J Gynecol. 2009 106: 50-20. 15- Nesek-Adam V, Grizelj-Stojcic E, Rasic Z, Cala Z, Mrsic V, Smiljanic A. Comparison of dexamethasone, Metoclopramid and their combination in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Suvg Endosc. 2007 21: 607-12.