Background and Objective: Antioxidants have been widely used as food additives to provide protection against oxidative degradation of foods. Because of undesirable side effects of synthetic antioxidants, there is a growing interest in searching for powerful but non-toxic antioxidants from natural resources, especially edible or medicinal plants. Although, several studies have shown that Salvia genus is one of the valuable sources of potent antioxidants, but there is not any study about antioxidant potentials of Salvia viridis. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of Salvia viridis was analyzed for its total phenols, anthocyanins and flavonoids contents using spectrophotometric methods. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate its antioxidant properties. Results: The results demonstrated that the methanolic extract of Salvia viridis has high contents of total phenols (272.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), flavonoid (187.3 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight) and anthocyanin (0.94 mg cyaniding-3-glycosid equivalent/g dry weight). Free radical-scavenging capacity of the methanolic extract was less (IC50: 35.7± 1.45 μg/ml) than synthetic antioxidant Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) (IC50: 18.7± 0.23 μg/ml). Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained, Salvia viridis could be valuable as a rich source of natural antioxidants for culinary purposes after passing proper toxicity test. Referencs 1- Espin JC, Soler- Rivas C, Wichers HJ. Characterization of the total free radical scavenger capacity of vegetable oils and oil fractions using 2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl radical. J Agri Food Chem. 2000 48: 648-56. 2- Lamina S, Ezema CI, Theresa AI, Anthonia EU. Effects of free radicals and antioxidants on exercise performance. 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Background and Objective: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent human parasites globally distributed with a wide range of hosts including humans and animal species. The available anti-toxoplasma treatments have faced several problems. To deal with these issues new drugs and compounds are required to be evaluated. This study was aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts of propolis on acute toxoplasmosis in mouse model.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 BALB/c mice with average weight of 20-25 gr, were divided into 8 groups of 5. Each mouse was inoculated intraperitoneally with parasitic suspension of approximately 10,000 tachyzoites. Two groups of mice, including a non-infected group and an infected but not treated group were used as control. Twenty-four hours after the infection, treatment was initiated for six groups, inoculating 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg/kg of propolis extracts orally for 7 days.

Results: The average survival time was 6.4 to 7.2 days in the propolis treated groups of mice and 4.6 days in the control group, that was significantly different. The number of Toxoplasma tachyzoites in the test groups was significantly lower than the control group (P< 0.05). It was 10×104 in the group of 300mg and 20.4×104 in the control group with minimum and maximum parasite numbers, respectively. The most effective dose of propolis extract on survival time of the infected mice was 150 mg/kg.

Conclusion: The results indicated that the propolis ethanol extracts can relatively inhibit Toxoplasma infection development in mouse model.

Background and Objective: Recent studies have shown a relationship between energy regulation and the circadian rhythm at behavioral, molecular, and physiological levels. The present study investigated the effect of chronotype on meal timing and obesity in Iranian housewives.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using a convenience-sampling method through the participation of housewives living in Ahvaz in 2018. Anthropometric information was collected. To assess food intake timing, energy intake and sleep patterns during seven days of normal living were recorded by the researchers. Dietary information was obtained by using a 24-hour recall questionnaire and analyzed by NUT IV software. The morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine chronotypes.
Results: There was a significant difference between the morning and evening groups in terms of the timing of lunch (P=0.004) and mid-afternoon snacks (P=0.04). There was no significant difference between mean energy intake in the morning and evening chronotypes in women who were overweight or obese (P=0.31). There was also no significant difference between morning and evening chronotypes in terms of the percentage of energy intake of meals and snacks (P>0.05). The only significant difference, detected between morning and evening chronotypes in normal-weight women, was for the percentage of energy intake after 3:00 PM. (P=0.008).
Conclusion: The present study showed no effect of chronotype on obesity. However, energy intake calculations were based on self-reports, which could lead to information bias. Therefore, in future studies, researchers should carry out clinical trials while controlling food intake and considering meal timing.