Background & Objectives: Water - related diseases are among the most important public health problems in developing countries and providing the people with safe water is a key factor in health promotion. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of adolescents' participation on drinking water habits of Rostam Abad village in Bouin Zahra in 2004.
Materials & Methods: This research is a quasi - experimental study with 36 adolescent cases that covered 102 families. At first, training sessions were held for the adolescents and then each of them took charge of a few families (average 3 families) for education and control. Ultimately, the percentage of rural families who used healthy water (chlorinated or boiled) before and after adolescents' participation was compared. To compare the mean consumption of safe water pre and post intervention t-test was used.
Results: The results showed that none of the rural families consumed healthy water before intervention. However, 68.8% of the families used healthy water after intervention. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between mean consumption of safe water pre and post intervention (P=0.001). Conclusion: Adolescent participation affects the index of providing and consumption of healthy water in rural areas. Thus, it is suggested that this approach be applied as a practical means to increase the healthy water consumption in rural areas.

Background & Objectives: Regarding the high prevalence of dental caries and its individual complications and the reports concerning the effects of healthy behavior on oral and dental hygiene, this study was carried out with the aim of investigating of different oral and dental-care procedures among adolescent population of Zanjan province during the academic year 2004-2005.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 1500 high school students through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed through content validity and repeated test respectively. Descriptive statistics and X 2 test were used to determine the difference among groups (based on a number of demographic features).
Results: The most common dental-care procedure among the students was brushing (89.7%) and statistical tests showed a significant difference in terms of gender (P=0.001), different educational levels (P=0.04), different schools (P=0.02) and different school areas (P=0.001).
Conclusion: The only common dental-care procedure used by the province adolescents was brushing. Hence, planning for various oral and dental-care procedures in adolescent population is highly recommended.

Background and objectives: Clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease such as myocardial infarction generally have onset from middle age onwards. However, studies indicate that the atherosclerotic process begins to develop during childhood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of risk factors for atherosclerosis in children with family history of premature myocardial infarction in Arak city in 2007. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study in which 209 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years with a family history of early onset myocardial infarction were selected base on convenience sampling. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, blood pressure, weight and height and fasting blood sugar were investigated. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were 28.2% and 20.1% respectively. 19.1% of these individuals had HDL-C values lower than 35mg/dL. 19/1% of them had LDL-C levels higher than 129 mg/dL. 4/31% presented hypertension and 28/71% had excessive weight. There was no relationship between hyperlipidemia and fasting blood sugar. However, there was significant association between hyperlipidemia and level of BMI and blood pressure (P<0.05). Conclusion: More than a quarter of children had at least one risk factor for atherosclerosis. Obesity was identified to be significantly associated with hyperlipidemia. These results emphasis the importance of evaluating children and adolescents with family history of early onset myocardial infarction for atherosclerotic disease.

Background and Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common disorder of endocrine among the women capable of reproduction. This disorder involves 6-7 percent of women. With regard to mental health, disorders such as depression and eating disorder can be seen and a change in their quality of life is expected. Materials and Methods: One thousand and eight hundred and twenty four female students were evaluated psychologically in order to assess the prevalence and development of polycystic ovary syndrome. The students suffering from polycystic ovary were assessed mentally. Results: Eighty students between 15-18 years old were suffering from PCOS. Previous family problems were significantly higher in control group (P=0.03). There were no significant differences in terms of drug misuse, committing suicide, physical problems and daily sleepiness. Depression symptoms were observed in 38.3 percent of control group and 32.6 percent of sufferers of PCOS. Anxiety assessment indicated that 22.5 percent of PCOS group and 22.3 percent of control group were suffering from anxiety. Conclusion: Despite universal reports regarding psychological effects of PCOS in the quality of life of adult sufferers such as depression, sleeping and eating disorders, such differences were not observed in our PCOS study group. This may indicate the role of age in developing psychological disorders among the sufferers. Moreover, parameters such as cultural factors, the importance of considering own physical state and the impact of social view on interpersonal relationships can play an important role.

Background and Objective: Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and active lifestyle is known as an important factor for health in all ages. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence regular physical activity of female high school students in Hamadan using BASNEF model. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, while using cluster random sampling method, 622 female students from six high schools were voluntarily entered into the study. A demographic questionnaire, IPAQ and constructs of BASNEF model were used to collect the data. Validity and reliability of scales were assessed with a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, Chi-square, ANOVA, T-test and correlation were used. Results: 46.2% of the students had low physical activity, 28 percent of them had moderate and 25.8 % had severe physical activity. Grade of education, level of mother’s education and previous physical activity had significant correlation with student’s physical activity (p< 0.05). The attitude toward behavior, behavioral intentions and enabling factors statistically associated with physical activity status (p = 0.01). Subjective norms were effective on physical activity via behavioral intention (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Low rate of female students’ physical activity in Hamadan calls for an intervention based on models and theories of behavior change to promote and maintain physical activity.

Background and Objective: Visfatin is a secreted protein from visceral adipose tissue that has been linked to obesity and associated with health risk factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training on plasma visfatin and insulin resistance in overweight non-athletic adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 36 healthy overweight and obese male adolescents were randomly assigned to experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training (45 min/d, 4 d/wk). Blood samples were taken before and after the completion of exercise training to assess levels of visfatin, insulin resistance and lipid profiles. Independent T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analysis the data. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training decreased the plasma visfatin, body fat percent, BMI, insulin resistance, waist circumference and triglycerides levels in in the experimental group (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant and positive relationship between visfatin, body fat percent and plasma triglyceride levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training with decreased triglyceride, insulin resistance and obesity induced a significant reduction of plasma visfatin in overweight and obese adolescents. References 1- Rezyipour A, Yousefi F, Mahmoodi M, Shakeri M. Relation of adolescent girls nutritional behaviors and physical activity to their understanding of their parents lifestyle. Magazine of Tehran Med-Scil. 2007 5: 409-16 (Persian). 2- Eun Sung K, Jee-Aee Im, Kyoung Chul, et al. Improved insulin sensitivity and adiponectin level after exercise training in obese korean youth. 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Background and Objective: The start of menstruation is an important event in female puberty, but there are several health related problems that may be associated with its occurrence. Our goal was to estimate the frequency of menstrual problems and determine the factors related with them in adolescents.
Materials and Methods: Girls were recruited from the Mashhad and Sabzevar regions in northeastern Iran. Adolescent girls who had attained menarche were administrated to complete a self–reported questionnaire containing items about menstrual pattern and premenstrual symptoms. Descriptive and categorical data were analyzed for statistical significance using t-tests and chi-square tests.
Results: Eight hundred and ninety seven girls (mean age 14.0±1.3 years) ranging in age from 10 to 19 years were recruited. The mean age of menarche was 12.57±1.19 years for the girls recruited in Sabzevar vs 12.68±1.23 years in group from Mashhad (P <0.05). Dysmenorrhea was observed in 617 (68.8%) of participants and irregular cycle was found in 168 (18.7%) of cases. Also, 47.6% of participants had premenstrual syndrome (PMS) which was significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (P<0.05). Backache (60%) and tendency to cry easily (31.8%) were common premenstrual disorders among participants. 21% had delayed menarche and 2.1% suffered from menorrhagia. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and obesity in girls with early menarche was significantly higher compared to those with delayed menarche (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Menstrual disorders affect a large percentage of Iranian girls. More than half of participants experienced dysmenorrhea that often required medical treatment.

Background and Objective: Given the growing rate of psychiatric disorders, especially in young populations, detailed data on frequency of these disorders for further national public health strategiesis of great importance.We aimed to survey the frequency of different psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province.
Materials and Methods: 1001 cases were selected using the random cluster sampling method and all cases were interviewed by expert psychologists using a Persian version of semi- structured K-SADS-PL questionnaire. Data were then statistically analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: 20.5% (205 out of 1001) of studied cases showed at least one psychiatric disorder and 79.5 % showed no sign of any disorders. Anxiety disorders were the most frequent disorders  (15.5%) followed by the behavioral disorders (7%), smoking and drug abuse (6%), behavioral disorders (2.4%) and neurodevelopmental disorders (2%), but no case was observed with psychosis.
Conclusion: in comparison with other studies from Iran or other countries the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad is relatively high and special policies and efforts are suggested for enhancement of mental health values in this region.