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Background & Objectives: Blatella germanica as a significant urban pest, can transmit various diseases and cause allergy. In spite of frequent pyrethroid spraying, contamination to German cockroach continues in Shahid Beheshti hospital and so far no survey has been carried out concerning the cause of persistent contamination to this pest. This study was carried out to assess the susceptibility of German cockroach in shahid Beheshti hospital during 2003-2004.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, B. germanica samples were collected from different wards of Shahid Beheshti hospital and transferred to the laboratory. Both hospital and susceptible strains were divided into treatment and control groups. Adult males were sorted out and bioassayed through surface contact with 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/m2 of permethrin and the number of knockdown samples was counted at different time intervals in all groups. Each dose of permethrin was tested in three replications of ten and a control replication of ten, surface contact with acetone was also carried out. The data were analyzed through probit test and linear regressions between contact time and percentage of knockdown samples was plotted through which knockdown time for 50% of samples (KT50) was estimated.
Results: The survey of 480 cockroaches in two group of 240 (60 control and 180 treated) showed resistance to knockdown effect in contact with permethrin in hospital samples. At contact dose of 15.61 mg/m2, hospital samples were heterogeneous (P=0.0004) and resistant samples were easily recognized from susceptible ones. In this dose, KT50 in hospital samples was 63.6 (95% CI: 60.37-67) minutes and in susceptible strain 22.42 (95% CI: 20.28- 26.65) minutes. Resistance ratio in hospital samples reached 2.83 (95% CI: 2.72-2.96).
Conclusions: Regarding the resistance to permethrin, the study of genetic nature of resistance, cross resistance to new pesticides and their bioassay are necessary in control measures.

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Background & Objectives: Aeromons is the cause of various infections in humans and has been isolated from different food samples and even drinking water. Research studies report the prevalence of the bacteria in diarrheic patients to be equal to or higher than shigella. Regarding the contradictory reports this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and significance of Aeromonas in children's dysentery and their sensitivity to antibiotics in Tehran in 2003-2004.
Materials & Methods: In this descrpitive study 310 stool samples of diarrheic children under 10 years of age were tested for infection to Aeromonas, plesiomonas, bacterial pathogens such as salmonella, shigella, enteropathogenic E.coli and enteric parasites and susceptibity of these agents to antibiotics was assessed through diffusion disc method on aeromonas isolates. Data were analysed using discriptive and analytical statistics (χ 2 , t-test and, Fisher exact test).
Results: The results showed that Aeromonas prevalence was 4.5% and higher than salmonella and enteropathogenic E.coli in diarrheic children and it was the second leading pathogen after shigella. All Aeromonas strains were susceptible to ceftizoxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and resistant to ampicillin.
Conclusion: Aeromonas species are of etioloical significance in diarrheic children and they must be taken into account in bacteriologic survey of the stool samples. More research is recommended.

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Background and Objective: Extensive use of antibiotics in medicine has led to resistance of microorganisms in urinary tract infection (UTI) in both children and adults. Therefore, conducting studies on antibiotic susceptibility is needed for selection of antibiotics based on regional studies.
Materials and Methods: During the year 2006 urine samples from all symptomatic patients admitted to neonatal, pediatrics, obstetric and neurologic wards were collected through midstream clean-catch, catheterization, or urine bags. An antibiogram test was performed for all 118 urine samples which were culture positive.
Results: The most common organisms found in neonatal urine culture were klebsiella pneumonia (44/5%) followed by Escherichia coli (33/5%). Escherichia coli was the most common organism in pediatrics (41%), obstetric (46%), and neurologic wards (73%). Resistance to ampicillin (82/6%) and cefixim (73/6%) was significant in all samples. Ciprofloxacine was the most effective drug against E.coli and klebsiella pneumonia in all wards (resistance rate: 24/1%) followed by nitrofurantion (resistance rate: 41/4%), ceftriaxone (resistance rate: 44/8%) and amikacin (resistance rate: 51/9%). Vancomycine was the most effective drug against staphylococcus epidermidis (resistance rate: 37/1%) followed by cephtasidim (resistance rate: 40/1%) and ciprofloxacine (resistance rate: 48/5%).
Conclusion: Unfortunately due to irrational use of antibiotics, high resistance to ampicillin, cefixim, gentamycin, cotrimoxazol, and some other drugs was observed. Continuous studies regarding the drug resistance are recommended for better assessment in the future.

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Background and Objective: Gastroenteritis is one of the most important diseases in the world. This disease is more critical among children, people with immune deficiency and the sufferers from mal-nutrition. Shigella spp. as the most important cause of dysentery, causes much mortality around the world. Increasing antibiotic resistance is one of the major health problems. This research aimed to study the pattern of antibiotic resistance of Shigella spp. In Zanjan Shahid Beheshti Hospital.
Materials and Methods: Shigella spp. was isolated from stool samples of diarrheic patients during
2003-2007 using common microbioloyic methods. They were examined for serotyping and antibiogram using disc diffusion method.
Results: Shigella spp were found in 134 out of 682 (19.6%) diarrheic stool samples. They comprised of 53% males and 47% females. The highest number of positive samples was found in August and the lowest number was seen in March. The shigella species isolated from 134 positive cultures, identified as sh.flexeneri (62.7%), sh.boydii (20.1%) and sh.dysenteriae (17.2%). In the antibiogram, ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive antibiotic (88.8%) and Ampicillin showed the highest resistance (100%).
Conclusion: Due to irregular use of antibiotics and increasing antibiotic resistance to Shigella species it can be suggested that some of antibiotics can be omitted from the list of drug choice.

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Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Food Stuff Soltan Dallal MM1, Agha Amiri S2, Eshraghian MR3, Sabour Yaraghi AA4, Faramarzi T5, Mahdavi V6, Saberpour F7, Fazeli Fard P7, Peymaneh Abedi Mohtasab TP1 1 Dev of Microbiology, Dept of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Dept of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Dept of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5 Food and Hygiene Control Laboratory (FHCL), Deputy of Food and Drug, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 6 Food and Hygiene Control Laboratory (FHCL), Deputy of Food and Drug, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 7 Food and Hygiene Control Laboratory (FHCL), Deputy of Food and Drug, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Corresponding Author's Address: Dev of Microbiology, Dept of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail: soltanda@sina.tums.ac.ir Received: 1 Sept, 2008 Accepted: 3 Nov, 2008 Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be one of the leading causes of food-borne illnesses. Foodstuff contamination may occur directly from contaminated food-producing animals or may result from poor hygiene during food production processes, or the retail and storage of foods, since humans may carry the microorganism. The number of S.aureus strains that exhibits antimicrobial-resistance properties has increased, together with the potential risk of transmitting the same properties to the human microflora via food or inducing infections hard to be treated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of S.aureus in various food samples and determination of antibiotic resistance pattern in this isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 1047 food samples were analysed from July 2006 to December 2007. To determine the presence of S.aureus, the samples were analysed according to the guidelines of Iran standard instructions (No.1194). S.aureus isolates were tested for susceptibility to a panel of 11 antimicrobics using the agar disc diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar. Results: Of 1047 samples analysed 100 (9.5%) were contaminated with S.aureus. Among these contaminated samples, 31% showed antimicrobial resistance properties to at least one of the antibiotic tested and 15 antibiotypes were determined. Conclusion: According to the observed prevalence of S.aureus strains in food samples and their antibiotic resistance pattern, more attention shonld be paid in foodstuff industry to prevent contamination and transmission of resistant strains.

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Background and Objective: In patients with diabetes, elevated homocysteine levels have been reported to be associated with endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, poor control of disease, nephropathy, macroangiopathy and oxidative stress. Thus, this observational study was performed to determine the plasma homocysteine level and its correlation with clinical, biochemical and nutritional variables.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 70 men with type 2 diabetes under metformin
(at least 1500 mg daily) treatment. Regarding plasma homocysteine, patients were divided into two groups: 31patients with normal homocysteine (group 1: Hcy<15 µmol/L) and 39 patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (group 2: Hcy>15 µmol/L).
Results: 55.1% patients had hyperhomocysteinemia but none of them had folate and B12 deficiency. Significant differences between the two groups, were found for serum folate, total antioxidant capacity and creatinine. No differences were found for insulin resistance and glycemic control. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis using plasma homocysteine as a dependent variable and all other clinical and laboratory parameters as independent variables indicated that age (β=0.344), creatinine (β=0.351), vitamin B12 (β=0.235), total antioxidant capacity (β=0.285) and malondialdehyde (β=0.245) were independently associated with homocysteine concentration. No correlation was found between the homocysteine and glycemic control, HOMA-IR and intake of B vitamins and caffeine. 
Conclusion: Further studies with a large sample size are required to assess the association of plasma homocysteine with total antioxidant capacity and other biomarkers of oxidative stress in type2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is the most common cause of nosocomial infection, has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. This study was carried out to find out the resistance pattern and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing among MRSA.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive work was done on 87 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates which were collected from the patients with infections in a teaching hospital in Kashan, Iran, during the period of 2009. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance by the disc-diffusion method, covering 10 antimicrobials. The genotypes of SCCmec subtypes were determined by multiplex PCR.
Results: Amomg 87 MRSA isolated tested; the highest resistance was shown against erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline respectively. By contrast, the highest sensitivity was shown to amikacin. All of the isolates were resistant to Beta-lactams. All of the isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics, and all of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin.
Three (3.4%) MRSA strains were SCCmec type I, 12 (13.8%) were type II, 8 (9.2%) were type IV-b, 4 (4.6%) were type IV-d, and 3 (3.4%) were typeV. Overall, 57 (65.5%) MRSA strains could not be typed. Conclusion: The rising trend of multi-resistance to antibiotics poses an alarming threat to treatment of MRSA infections. Our findings show that clinical isolates of MRSA in our hospital carrying various kinds of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types. SCCmec typse II and IV were the predominant strain of MRSA identified.

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Background and Objective: The production of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) by Escherichia coli is the main cause of resistance to Cephalosporins.  In the past decade, CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent ESBLs in Europe, Canada, and Asia.  In this study, the frequency of ESBL-producing E.coli and molecular detection of the CTX-M-I group was investigated.
Materials and Methods: A total of 400 urine samples were collected from both hospitalized and out-patients in Khoy’s hospitals between November 2009 and April 2010.  Out of these samples, 188 were identified as  E.coli  by standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic Susceptibility tests to 10 antibiotics were performed by the-disk-agar diffusion (DAD) method. ESBL production was screened by phenotypic test that including disk diffusion agar and combined disk as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Screened isolates were investigated by PCR assay for detection of CTX-M-I group genes.
Results: The results show that out of 188 E.coli isolates identified, 56 (29.8%) were producing ESBls by phenotypic test. All isolates were sensitive to imipenem. Overall, 49 (87.5%) isolates were confirmed as CTX-M-I producer by PCR.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that about 30% of the identified E.coli were producing ESBl. Therefore, we recommend to use molecular methods in such researches.

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Background and Objective: Insulin resistance is one of the key components of metabolic syndrome and a major risk factor for diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, especially among obese people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation either with or without moderate aerobic training on insulin resistance and anthropometric indices in obese women. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 44 obese women (BMI≥30 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=11 each) as follows: 1, L-carnitine supplementation (2 g/day) (group CAR) 2, aerobic training + placebo (group EXR+PLA) 3, L-carnitine supplementation + aerobic training (group CAR+EXR) and 4, placebo alone (group PLA). The intervention periods were eight-week long, and the subjects of aerobic training groups went through 3 training sessions a week. The weight, waist and hip circumferences, waist to hip ratios, body mass indeces, daily dietary intakes and serum fasting free L-carnitine levels, glucose and insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were measured before and after the interventions. Results: Significant decreases in the waist and hip circumferences were observed in the EXR+PLA and CAR+EXR groups. The serum glucose fasting levels, as well as insulin and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance) values decreased significantly in the CAR, EXR+PLA, and CAR+EXR groups. Conclusion: The results indicate beneficial effect of aerobic training on insulin resistance and anthropometric measurements including waist and hip circumferences in comparison with L-carnitine alone supplementation. L-carnitine decreased the insulin resistance and was more effective along with aerobic training for improvement of insulin resistance. The aerobic training could be considered as an effective way of weight loss and insulin resistance improvement.

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Background and Objective: Adiponectin plays an important role in hyperglycemia, lipolysis, and inflammatory mechanisms. However, mechanisms responsible for the relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance in response to exercise, still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week-long high intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and β-cells function in sedentary young men. Materials and Methods: Eighteen students voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental (n=9, age=24.33 ±1.41 yr, height=176.22 ±4.91 cm, weight=72.27 ±6.59 kg) and Control (n=9, age=23.27 ±2.01 yr, height=180.22 ±6.88 cm, weight=76.27 ±7.33 kg) groups. The test group performed three HIIT sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20-m area with 30 s recoveries. Fasting blood samples were collected immediately before and after the exercise protocol. Data were analyzed by dependent and paired t-tests. Results: The results indicates that while plasma adiponectin levels in the experimental group increased significantly (P= 0.047), there was a significant decrease in the percentage of body fat (P= 0.019). There were also a decrease in serum concentrations of insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance values as well as an increase amounts of insulin sensitivity and beta cells function. However, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings show HIIT is a time efficient method for increasing adiponectin levels and reducing body fat. Also, the intensity of exercise as an important factor in the increase in adiponectin levels could be noted.

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Background and Objective Widespread use of co-trimoxazole in urinary tract infection treatments and its incorrect use has led to the emergence of co-trimoxazole resistant E. coli strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate sul2 gene among E.coli isolates of patients admitted to the clinical centers of Khoy city. Materials and Methods: Three hundred urine samples were collected from clinical centers of Khoy city. Among them, 100 E.coli isolates were confirmed by standard biochemical tests. Furthermore, the antibiotic susceptibility tests to 10 antibiotics were performed by the-disk-agar diffusion (DAD) method. Also, MIC and MBC were evaluated for co-trimoxazole by microdilution broth method. Finally, PCR was done in order to find sul2 gene in resistant isolates. Results: Of 100 isolates, 71(71%) were resistant to co-trimoxazole out of which 57(80%) had sul2 gene. This gene was recognized in sulfonamides-resistant isolates which did not create any zone of inhibition. Also, the isolates with sul2 gene were found to be simultaneously resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. In co-trimoxazole-resistant isolates, MIC and MBC for Co-trimoxazole were calculated 16 and 32μg/ml. Conclusion: This study was the first of its kind in Iran with the main objective of manifesting the presence of sul2 gene in E.coli. The results of the present study indicate that antibiotic-resistance percentage in Khoy city reaches to 71%. In such a situation, it is inevitable to see resistance to all common antibiotics currently prescribed to patients at clinical centers which will, in turn, result in treatment failures.

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Background and Objective: Knowledge of resting metabolic rate and body composition is important for defining appropriate nutritional, energy balance and weight control. The purpose of this study was to compare resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in young sedentary males after aerobic and resistance exercise training. Materials and Methods: Twenty eight sedentary male students were randomly assigned to participate in one of the following groups: endurance program (n=8), resistance program (n=10) and control group (n=10). The exercise training programs consisted of 6 weeks and 3 sessions of aerobic (running, by intensity 65% to 85% of HRmax) and resistance (11 exercises, 3 sets, 10 to 12 repetitions, 65% of 1RM) training per week. Before and after training, resting metabolic rate, body composition and VO‌2max were determined for each participant. Within- group differences were analyzed by using student t-test. One way ANOVA was used for between -group differences. Results: Results demonstrated that RMR increased significantly in resistance training while decreased significantly in endurance training. There was not any significant difference in RMR of the control group (p≤0.05). When RMR was normalized to FFM (kcal.kg FFM-1day-1), there were no significant improvement in RMR for any of the three groups. Total factors involved in body composition decreased significantly at the end of aerobic training. With resistance training, there was a significant decrease in FFM and BMI (p≤0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that weight loss programs are more dependent on the amount of energy expenditure during the exercises than on the type of training. The findings support that there is not much difference in using aerobic or resistance training to increase resting metabolic rate and weight loss.

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Background and Objective: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are the major causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections caused by enterococcus faecium and the level of resistance to vancomycine and other antibiotics which are effective in enterococcal infection therapy of hospitalized patients in four university teaching hospitals of Tehran. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out between September 2011 and May 2012. Urine samples were collected from hospitalized patients in Taleghani, Loghman , Mofid and Labaffi nejad Hospitals in Tehran. Enterococcus species were detected by biochemical and molecular tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycine were determined by disk diffusion and micro agar dilution methods. The presence of vanA and vanB genes were investigated in VRE strains by PCR. Results: 86 enterococci were isolated from urine samples of which 45(52%) were E.faecium. 42.2% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VRE) and showed vanA genotype. All VRE isolates were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, and 78% were resistant to nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, all VRE isolates were sensitive to linezolide and quiopristin-dalfopristin. MIC50 ≥ 128 and MIC90 ≥ 256 were detected in the VRE strains. Conclusion: The increase in the prevalence of vancomycin resistant E. faecium with high risk resistance profiles is a serious threat for some Iranian hospitals and limits the therapeutical options for patients infected with E. faecium.

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Background and Objective: Occurance of severe diseases by bacteria that are considered as normal flora poses a threat to human life. Bacteria such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia, which are all VP +, cause the urinary tract infection. The antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria create problems in the process of treatment. The aim of this research was to compare the multiple antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia causing urinary infections and determine the imipenem MIC in MDR strains. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 400 urinary specimens from UTI patients who had referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran) were collected using the midstream clean catch method. The klebsiella groups were identified by conventional methods. The antibiotic sensivity test was carried out by disk diffusion and macrodilution broth test methods. Results: Of 400 patients with urinary tract infections, 96 (24%) were caused by Klebsiella groups (KES. Maximum and minimum resistances were to amoxicillin and amikacin, respectivey. MIC and MBC determined using serial dilution method and showed that the concentration range of imipenem that stopped growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens were in the range of 0. 25- 16 and 8-0.25 μg / ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that imipenem is an appropriate medication for the treatment of Klebsiella group infections.

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Background and Objective: Appetite monitoring influecnces obesity process. Acylated Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide that plays an important role in weight controlling and energy homeostatis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of one cycle circuit resistance training program on plasma acylated ghrelin, insulin and growth hormone in overweight 17-20 year old males. Materials and Methods: Twenty male students with age 18±0.92 years old, height 174.5±5.07 cm, weight 83.57±5.62 kg and BMI 27.48±1.5 kg/m2 (mean ± SE) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance training protocol with 60% 1RM for 12 weeks. The levels of plasma Acylated ghrelin, insulin and growth hormone, were measured by ELISA method before and after 12 weeks. Results: The results revealed no significant differences in body weight, BMI and insulin level (P=0.83), whereas acylated ghrelin (P=0.02) and growth hormone (P=0.04) increased significantly in the plasma. A significant positive correlation (r=0.58) was found between plasma acylated ghrelin and GH (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that circuit resistance training induces depletion of body energy storage .This issue leads to increase in secration of acylated ghrelin stimulating food intake behavior and compensating for lost energy sources and eventually restoring the body’s energy balance.

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Background and Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the most frequent pathogens in nosocomial infections. This bacterium shows high resistance to majority of antibiotics including â-lactams. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and evaluation of IMP, SPM and SIM Metallo- Beta- Lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in clinical samples isolated from Zanjan hospitals, by phenotypic and PCR methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from the various clinical specimens in Zanjan hospitals from 2013 to 2014. After identification of isolates using biochemical tests, the antibiotic susceptibility test (Kirby-Baur method) was done according to CLSI advice against 7 antibiotics. The Combined Disk method was then carried out for detection of MBLs and the blaIMP, blaSPM and blaSIM genes were determined by a PCR method. Results: In this study, Cefotaxime and Amikacin with 43.3% and 21.6% showed the highest and lowest resistance against isolates, respectively. From a total of 120 isolates, 35 (29.2%) strains were imipenem resistant and metallo- beta-lactamase producer. From 35 MBL producing isolates, 28 (80%) strains, 20 (57.1%) strains and 5 (14.3%) strains carried blaIMP, blaSPM and blaSIM genes, respectively and 1 (2.8%) isolate carried all blaIMP, blaSPM and blaSIM genes. Conclusion: According to the results, high prevalence of resistance to aztreonam and imipenem can be a warning against treatment process and distribution of resistance to other strains.

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Background and Objective: Visfatin is a secreted protein from visceral adipose tissue that has been linked to obesity and associated with health risk factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training on plasma visfatin and insulin resistance in overweight non-athletic adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 36 healthy overweight and obese male adolescents were randomly assigned to experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training (45 min/d, 4 d/wk). Blood samples were taken before and after the completion of exercise training to assess levels of visfatin, insulin resistance and lipid profiles. Independent T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analysis the data. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training decreased the plasma visfatin, body fat percent, BMI, insulin resistance, waist circumference and triglycerides levels in in the experimental group (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant and positive relationship between visfatin, body fat percent and plasma triglyceride levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: 8 weeks of interval endurance rope training with decreased triglyceride, insulin resistance and obesity induced a significant reduction of plasma visfatin in overweight and obese adolescents. References 1- Rezyipour A, Yousefi F, Mahmoodi M, Shakeri M. Relation of adolescent girls nutritional behaviors and physical activity to their understanding of their parents lifestyle. Magazine of Tehran Med-Scil. 2007 5: 409-16 (Persian). 2- Eun Sung K, Jee-Aee Im, Kyoung Chul, et al. Improved insulin sensitivity and adiponectin level after exercise training in obese korean youth. 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Preanalytical influences on the measurement of visfatin by enzyme immuno assay. Clin Chim Acta. 2007 382: 154-6. 34- Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, et al. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science. 2005 21: 426-30.

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Background and Objective: Gestational diabetes and hypothyroidism in pregnancy are the most common endocrine disorders which are considered as insulin resistant conditions. Maternal thyroid hormones play an important role in embryogenesis, fetal maturity, and child’s IQ level. It seems that subclinical hypothyroidism in women with gestational diabetes has a higher prevalence. Since thyroid function tests during pregnancy are not considered as part of a routine testing, therefore, we aimed to study thyroid function associated with insulin resistance in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 142 pregnant women were randomly entered in GDM and normal groups. After obtaining demographic data and measuring all patients’ BMI, Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) was performed. Serum insulin, thyroid function test and anti –TPO antibody were measured on fasting blood samples. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square test and multivariate regression analysis . Results: 68 pregnant women with GDM and 74 normal pregnant women participated in this study. Patients with GDM had higher age and BMI (P< 0.0001). After eliminating the confounding variables, no significant correlation was found between TSH and insulin or HOMA-IR. Elevated anti-TPO was seen in 14.7% of GDM and 6.8% of normal women (P= 0.171). Significant correlation of anti TPO level was found between both insulin level (P= 0.01) and HOMA-IR (P=0.03). Conclusion: This study did not show any association between thyroid dysfunction and GDM. However, a higher anti-TPO level was seen in GDM patients. Further investigations with more sample sizes are recommended. References 1- VelkoskaNakova V, Krstevska B, DimitrovskiCh, et al. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and diabetes type. Source Medical Science Faculty. 2010 31: 51-9. 2- Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR. Maternal and Fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1994 331(16): 1072. ٣- Gharib H, Tuttle RM, Baskin HJ, Fish LH, Singer PA, McDermott MT. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a joint statement on management from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and the Endocrine Society. Thyroid. 2005 15(1): 24-8. 4- Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005 352(24): 2477-86. 5- Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 33: 676-82. 6- Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Stephen LH, Joseph L. Harrisons Principle of Internal Medicine .18 th ed. Vol 2.McGraw-Hill: New York 2011. 7- Surks MI, Hollowell JG. Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 92(12): 4575-82. 8- Olivieri A, Valensise H, Magnani F. et al. High frequency of anti thyroid autoantibodies in pregnant women at increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Euro J Endocrinol. 143: 741-747. 9- Bech K, Hoier-Madsen M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Jensen BM, Molsted-Pedersen L, Kuhl C. Thyroid function and autoimmune manifestations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during and after pregnancy. ActaEndocrinologica. 124: 534-9. 10- Luísa R, Sandra P, Maria C, Elvira M, et al. Prevalence of thyroid antibodies in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Abstracts. 2007 14 P: 338. 11- Casey BM, Dashe JS, Wells CE, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 105(2): 239-45. 12- Emmy V, Rosa V, Jolande A, et al. Significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy. a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update. 2011 17 (5): 605-19. 13- Mukesh M. Agarwal, Gurdeep S. et al. Thyroid function abnormalities and antithyroid antibody prevalence in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecological Endocrinol. 2006 22: 261-6. 14- Tuzcu A, Bahceci M, Gokalp D, Tuzun Y, Gunes K. Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with elevated high-sensitive hyperinsulinemia. J Endocrinol. 2005 52: 89-94. 15- Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, et al. Insulin action in adipose tissue and muscle in hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 91: 4930-4937. 16- Eirini M, Dimitrios JH, Anastasios K, et al. Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Euro J Endocrinol. 2009 160: 785-90. 17- Sheikholeslami H, ZIAEI AQ. A study of the relationship between diabetes and hypothyroidism. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2007 11: 51-6. 18- Bazrafshan HR, Ramezani MA, Salehei A, et al. Thyroid dysfunction and its relation with diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). J Gorgan Uni Med Sci. 2000 2 (1): 5-11. 19- Karamifar H, Amirhakimi G. Goiter and hypothyroidism in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Kashan Univ Med Sci. (FEYZ). 2004 7 (4): 95-100. 20- Dehghani Zahedani M, Azinfar A, Mahouri K, Mehrdad S. The identification of related risk factors of thyroid disorder in an iranian pregnant population. Iranian J Endocrinol Metab. 2010 12 (4): 352-8. 21-Meshkani R,Taghikhan M,Larijani B,Khatami S,Khoshbin E and Adeli KH.The relationship between homeostasis model assessment and cardiovascular risk factors in Iranian subjects with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance.Clinica Chimica Acta. 2006 371: 163-175. 22- Spencer CA, Hollowell JG, Kazarosyan M, Braverman LE. National health and nutrition examination survey III thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-thyroperoxidase antibody relationships demonstrate that TSH upper reference limits may be skewed by occult thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 92(11): 4236-40. 23- Surks MI, Goswami G, Daniels GH. The thyrotropin reference range should remain unchanged. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 90(9): 5489-96.

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Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to detect bacteria associated with biliary tract diseases and relationship between their class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and antibiotic resistance patterns. Materials and Methods: Bile samples of biliary patients undergoing cholangiopancreatography were examined for the presence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance patterns using biochemical tests and disk diffusion method. PCR was used for detection of the presence of integrase genes intI1, intI2, and intI3 in total DNA and plasmid extracts of these bacterial isolates. Results: Out of 102 bile samples, 41.2% were positive by culture. The isolated bacteria belonged to E. coli (35.5%), Enterococcus spp. (19.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.74%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.74%), Acinetobacter spp. (6.45%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.6%). All isolates were resistant to amoxiclav and 87.5% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern. intI1and intI2 were found in E. coli (59.09%, 50%), P. aeruginosa (81.81%, 45.45%), K. pneumonia (63.6%, 27.27%) and Acinetobacter spp. (100%, 100 %), respectively. These results showed the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons on the extracted plasmids and indicated a significant association between class 1 integron and resistance to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: High frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons among the bile isolates and their association with increased antimicrobial resistance phenotypes suggests that bile components are as selective agents for bacterial strains encoding these elements.

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Background and Objective: Chemerin and vaspin are adipose tissue-driven adipokines and appear to be associated with inflammation and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic interval training on chemerin, vaspin and insulin resistance index in overweight students. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male students voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=12). The experimental group took part in an aerobic interval training program (3 days/wk, continued for 12 weeks, 40 minutes each session) and the control group continued their routine daily life. Before and after this intervention program, chemerin,vaspin and insulin resistance index were measured. Paired and independent t- tests and Pearson’s correlations were used for data analysis. Results: Results showed a significant decrease in chemerin concentration (t= 5.02, P= 0.001) and insulin resistance index (t= 3.73, P= 0.003) in the experimental group after 12 weeks of aerobic interval training. The results did not show any significant change in the serum vaspin (t= 2.04, P= 0.06). Also, there was a significant relationship between insulin resistance index and both chemerin (P= 0.007) and vaspin levels (P= 0.04). Conclusion: In conclusion, aerobic interval training affects serum chemerin and insulin resistance and suggests that it can play a major role in reducing inflammatory responses caused by overweight and obesity.