1. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(1):157.
2. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.1585] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
3. Jiménez-Pavón D, Carbonell-Baeza A, Lavie CJ. Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people. Prog Cardiovasc Disease. 2020; 63(3):386-388 [
DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.009] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
4. Misra A, Bloomgarden Z. Diabetes during the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A global call to reconnect with patients and emphasize lifestyle changes and optimise glycemic and blood pressure control. J Diabet. 2020; 12(7):556-557. [
DOI:10.1111/1753-0407.13048] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
5. Holman N, Knighton P, Kar P, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol. 2020;8(10):823-33. [
DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30271-0]
6. Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol. 2020; 8(6):546-550. [
DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2]
7. Hassanein M, Al Awadi FF, El Hadidy KES, et al. The characteristics and pattern of care for the type 2 diabetes mellitus population in the MENA region during Ramadan: An international prospective study (DAR-MENA T2DM). Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2019;151:275-84. [
DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.020] [
PMID]
8. Paprocki E, Yan Y, Lee BR, Barnes M, De Luca F, Halpin K. Trends in HbA1c change among youth referred to a pediatric type 2 diabetes prevention clinic. J Endocrine Soc. 2021;5(1):A663-A. [
DOI:10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1353] [
PMCID]
9. Joensen L, Madsen K, Holm L, et al. Diabetes and COVID‐19: psychosocial consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic in people with diabetes in Denmark-what characterizes people with high levels of COVID‐19‐related worries? Diabet Med. 2020;37(7):1146-54. [
DOI:10.1111/dme.14319] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
10. Lima CKT, de Medeiros Carvalho PM, Lima IdAS, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatr Res. 2020:11(2):1-2. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
11. Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine-evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2015;25:1-72. [
DOI:10.1111/sms.12581] [
PMID]
12. Chastin SF, Abaraogu U, Bourgois JG, et al. Effects of regular physical activity on the immune system, vaccination and risk of community-acquired infectious disease in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2021;51(8):1673-86. [
DOI:10.1007/s40279-021-01466-1] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
13. Lim MA, Pranata R. The danger of sedentary lifestyle in diabetic and obese people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinol Diabet. 2020;13:1179551420964487. [
DOI:10.1177/1179551420964487] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
14. Laddu DR, Lavie CJ, Phillips SA, Arena R. Physical activity for immunity protection: Inoculating populations with healthy living medicine in preparation for the next pandemic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;64 (2):102-104. [
DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
15. Jayasinghe S, Misra A, Hills AP. Post-COVID-19 syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Primacy of exercise in prevention and management. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(1):102379. [
DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102379] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
16. Tran VD, Do VV, Pham NM, et al. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire-short form for application in Asian countries: A study in Vietnam. Eval Health Prof. 2020;43(2):105-9. [
DOI:10.1177/0163278718819708] [
PMID]
17. Motl RW, Sasaki JE, Cederberg KL, Jeng B. Validity of sitting time scores from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form in multiple sclerosis. Rehabil Psychol. 2019;64(4):463-468. [
DOI:10.1037/0090-5550.52.4.463] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
18. Ács P, Betlehem J, Oláh A, et al. Measurement of public health benefits of physical activity: validity and reliability study of the international physical activity questionnaire in Hungary. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-10. [
DOI:10.1186/s12889-020-08508-9] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
19. Lavelle G, Noorkoiv M, Theis N, et al. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF) as a measure of physical activity (PA) in young people with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study. Physiother. 2020;107:209-15. [
DOI:10.1016/j.physio.2019.08.013] [
PMID]
20. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, et al. Association of physical activity and dietary behaviours in relation to the body mass index in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN Study. Bullet World Health Organ. 2007;85:19-26. [
DOI:10.2471/BLT.06.030783] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
21. Damirchi A, Mehrabani J, Mousavi F. The relationship between obesity, overweight and demographic factors with physical activity in 18-69 year-old adults in Rasht city. Iran J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;15(4):378-86.
22. Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1-14. [
DOI:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
23. Asano RY, Sales MM, Browne RAV, et al. Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: a review. World J Diabet. 2014;5(5):659. [
DOI:10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.659] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
24. Praet SF, Manders RJ, Lieverse A, et al. Influence of acute exercise on hyperglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(12):2037-44. [
DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000235352.09061.1d] [
PMID]
25. MacLaren D, Morton J. Biochemistry for sport and exercise metabolism: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
26. Bello AI, Owusu-Boakye E, Adegoke BO, Adjei DN. Effects of aerobic exercise on selected physiological parameters and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J General Med. 2011;4:723. [
DOI:10.2147/IJGM.S16717] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
27. Williamson DA, Rejeski J, Lang W, Van Dorsten B, Fabricatore AN, Toledo K. Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):163-71. [
DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.544] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
28. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Care. 2004;27(10):2518-39. [
DOI:10.2337/diacare.27.10.2518] [
PMID]
29. Zacker RJ. Strength training in diabetes management. Diabet Spectrum. 2005;18(2):71-5. [
DOI:10.2337/diaspect.18.2.71]
30. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement part one: immune function and exercise. 2011; 17 (1):63-6.
31. Petersen AMW, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Apply Physiol. 2005;98(4):1154-62. [
DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004] [
PMID]
32. Spielmann G, McFarlin BK, O'Connor DP, Smith PJ, Pircher H, Simpson RJ. Aerobic fitness is associated with lower proportions of senescent blood T-cells in man. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2011;25(8):1521-9. [
DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.226] [
PMID]
33. Drela N, Kozdron E, Szczypiorski P. Moderate exercise may attenuate some aspects of immunosenescence. BMC Geriatr. 2004;4(1):1-7. [
DOI:10.1186/1471-2318-4-8] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
34. Lowder T, Padgett DA, Woods JA. Moderate exercise protects mice from death due to influenza virus. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):377-80. [
DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.002] [
PMID]
35. Hojman P, Dethlefsen C, Brandt C, Hansen J, Pedersen L, Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced muscle-derived cytokines inhibit mammary cancer cell growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;301(3):E504-E10. [
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00520.2010] [
PMID]
36. Shirvani H, Nikbakht H, Ebrahim Kh G. The effects of soccer specific exercise and Taurine supplementation on serum cytokine response in male elite soccer players. Ann Biol Res. 2012;3(9):4420-6.
37. Ghaderi M, Azarbayjani M, Atashak S, Molanouri-Shamsi M, Mokari-Saei S, Sharafi H. The effect of maximal progressive exercise on serum cortisol & immunoglobulin a responses in young elite athletes. Ann Biol Res. 2011;2(6):456-63.
38. Da Silveira MP, da Silva Fagundes KK, Bizuti MR, Starck É, Rossi RC, de Resende E Silva DT. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: an integrative review of the current literature. Clinical and experimental medicine. 2021;21(1):15-28. [
DOI:10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
39. Ranasinghe C, Ozemek C, Arena R. Exercise and well-being during COVID 19-time to boost your immunity. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2020;18(12):1195-200. [
DOI:10.1080/14787210.2020.1794818] [
PMID]