Background and Objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in the childhood which could result in chronic renal failure and hypertension. Antibiotic resistance is increasing due to widely using of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the MIC of antibiotics which are using in the treatment of UTI in children by E-test. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 87 E.coli strains were isolated from the urine samples of the patients with UTI. E.coli antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using E-test. The MIC for each antibiotic was determined and classified using NCCLS criteria. Results: Eighty seven urine samples were collected from 57 girls (65.5%) and 30 boys (34.5%). The mean age for girls was 61 months and for boys was 41 months (p=0.015). The MIC (50 and 90 percentiles) for each antibiotic was as fallow: Ampicillin (256, 256), Amikacin (1/5, 4/8), Gentamycin (0.38, 32), Nalidixic Acid (1/5, 256), Ceftriaxon (0.023, 32), Cefixim (0.19, 256) and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (32, 32). The antibiotic susceptibility rate for each antibiotic was as fallow: Ampicillin (21.8%), Amikacin (92%), Gentamycin (75.5%), Nalidixic Acid (64/4%), Ceftriaxon (72/4%), Cefixim (65/5%) and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (41/4%). Conclusion: This study showed that the antibiotic resistance of E.coli was very high. Due to increasing rate of E.coli resistance to Ampicillin and Cotrimoxasole in children, it is better to reconsider the empirical therapy with these antibiotics. Since in this study a lower resistance rate of E.coli was observed for Amikacin and Gentamycin therefore, we could suggest these antibiotics as alternatives in the treatment of children with urinary tract infection.

Background and Objective: Previous studies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placenta lacunas development in ten day pregnant Wistar rats. Material and Methods: Female Wistar rats (W: 170-200 gr) were used in the present study. Experimental group were received morphine (0.05 mg/ml of tap water) after one night coupling with male rats for mating. On the day 10th of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were killed with chloroform and the placentas and uterus were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin for twenty days. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H & E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, surface area of lacuna, as well as the number of cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas was assessed by light microscopy. Results: Our results indicated that the layer thickness of fetal portion and surface area of lacuna of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta reduced in experimental group. In addition, maternal portion layer thickness and cell number of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta increased in the experimental group. Conclusion: Our results showed that oral morphine consumption could inhibit natural function of placenta lacuna and fetal cell development.

Background and Objective: Utilization of ionizing radiation in some surgery operations (especially orthopedic operations) is inevitable.  One of the main occupational hazards of physicians and other personnel could be radiation exposure risks. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure doses received by operating room personnel in such surgery operations.
Materials and Methods: 30 personnel of operation room in university affiliated hospitals of Hamadan city (excluding physicians and nurses) were studied as they received radiation doses.  3 TLD (thermoluminescent dosimeters) chips were fixed on the apron of each staff member. To estimate the high risk examinations, staff members also completed a questionnaire about the type and number of the radiological examinations that they had participated. 
Results: Minimum and maximum level of doses received by the participants were between 0.24 and 0.56 mSv in a four month period. Therefore, amount of annual doses received by the personnel would be between 0.73 and 1.7 mSv, respectively (without reduction of background radiation). As the accuracy of TL dosimeters is normally about 0.1 mSv; therefore, it can be claimed that the received doses by the personnel was very low and comparable with background radiation.  
Conclusion: The results indicated that the radiation doses received by operating room personnel  were  very low. They were less than maximum predicted doses reported by the International Commission of Radiation Protection. However, the use of dose recording systems for awareness about absorbed doses beyond permitted limits is necessary. 

Background and Objective: It seems that studying medicine is distinct from other academic disciplines in exerting more stress (environmental, emotional or physical), which is a unique characteristic of the medical field. This study aimed at a contrastive analysis of psychological disorders among medical and non-medical students at different educational levels. Materials and Methods: In this cause-comparison study, a total of 212 88-89 school-year medical students from Zanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected through census and evaluated by a SCL90 checklist and demographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney) were used for data analysis. Results: After analyzing the data by the SPSS software, results show that there are significant differences in all total indexes (GSI). Particularly, the small-scale test SCL90 (except the physical preparation, anxiety, and hostility, α>0.05), shows significant differences between the three groups of medical students, P<0.01 (except for phobia, α<0.05). Interestingly, the mental health scores of the students at higher levels show a considerable improvement. Conclusion: According to the results of our study, it does not appear that studying medicine, regarding its stressful nature, has a negative impact on the mental health of the students, because the results suggest that students at higher levels exhibit even a better mental health status.

Background and Objective: The Bispectral Index (BIS) is a neurophysiologic monitoring system, which continuously analyzes the electroencephalogram recording of a patient during general anesthesia to assess the patient's level of consciousness. When one is awake, the brain cortex is very active, with marked EEG signals. However, during sleep or under general anesthesia, the signal patterns change. This is used as a method for determining depth of anesthesia in patient, in order to facilitate their awakening and discharge from the recovery room. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BIS monitoring on control of the depth of anesthesia for accelerating the awakening process and minimizing the recovery time in elderly patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 68 patients (over the age of 60) participated who had the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I or III and were scheduled for elective abdominal surgery. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups either receiving general anesthesia with BIS monitoring or without it. Result: Data were compared between groups by using the Kaplan-Meier Tests. The time to orientation was faster in the BIS group compared to the control group. There were significant differences regarding the post-operative orientation time between the two groups (P =0.0001). Conclusion: Both the recovery time and discharge from recovery were significantly faster in the BIS group compared with the control group.

Backgrounds and Objective: Paraoxon as the active form of parathion is one of the most of organophosphates (OPs) used in agriculture. Some OPs are capable of producing free radicals and inducing disturbance in the body antioxidant systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of paraxaon on oxidative stress induction in the heart and spleen tissues in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (7 in each groups) as follows: control group received corn oil as paraoxon solvent, and the other three groups received different doses of paraxaon (0.3, 0.7, and 1mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Animals were ether anesthesized 24 hours following the injection, their hearts and spleens were removed, and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by biochemical methods. Results: Our data indicate that at doses higher than 0.3 mg/kg of paraoxon, SOD and GST levels significantly increases in both the heart and spleen. While there was also an increased CAT activity observed in the heart , both CAT and GSH levels showed a decrease in the spleen. Finally, a decreased LDH activity and increased MDA level in the heart tissue were observed at 1mg/kg dose of paraoxon. Conclusion: Paraoxon induces the production of free radicals and oxidative stress in a dose- dependent manner. The heart tissue appears to be more sensitive to the effects of paraoxon on oxidative stress induction compared to the spleen.

Background and Objective: Protamine deficiency and DNA fragmentation have a profound effect on embryo gene expression. Incubation of sperm in culture medium leads to morphological changes of the nucleus and DNA release. However, the relationship between protamine deficiency and DNA fragments released from incubated sperm and the presence of the DNMT1 gene is not known. Materials and Methods: Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO criteria. CMA3 staining was used to determine protamine deficiency. Twenty million sperms per sample were incubated in Ham’s F10 medium for 24 hr at 37 °C. After centrifugation, DNA was extracted from the supernatant. DNA concentration was measured by biophotometer. The presence of the DNMT1 gene was confirmed by PCR using specific primers and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results:A significant correlation was observed between the DNA fragments released from sperm in culture media and CMA3 staining (P<0.05). The presence of DNMT1 gene was significantly correlated with DNA fragments released from the sperm (P<0.05). Protamine deficiency and the presence of DNMT1 gene were not significantly correlated. Conclusion:These results demonstrate that incubation of protamines-deficient sperm leads to the release of additional DNA fragments that eventually could have detrimental effectson embryo’s health.

Background and Objective: Mesenchymal stem cells are promising sources of stem cells for tissue repair because of their ability to differentiate into different cells, easy proliferation and culture, and immunomodulatory properties. Despite extensive research on the immunophenotype of mesenchymal stem cells, a lack of specific markers comprises challenges for researchers. The aim of this research was to isolate and expand murine lung and adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and to compare their expression of surface protein markers. Materials and Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from murine lung and adipose tissues. Specific differentiation media were added for differential investigations. Finally, the expression of surface antigens were measured by flow cytometry and compared in both cell populations. Results: Mesenchymal stem cells from both tissues were proliferated well and adipocyte and osteocyte differentiations were observed. Moreover, they showed CD73, CD105 and CD90 expression, but no expression of CD34, CD45 and CD11b was observed. In this study, lung CD105+ mesenchymal stem cells possessed lower percentage than those in adipose tissue. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from lung similar to adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and expressed common markers associated with adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells.

Background and Objective: The decline of bone mineral density (BMD) and prevalence of osteoporosis is a silent epidemic of the century. World Health Organization announced osteoporosis following cancer, heart attack and cerebral stroke as the fourth human enemy. The objective of the current study was to estimate the effect of vitamin C on BMD in menopausal women with balanced diet. Materials and Methods: The study was a randomized clinical trial in which 150 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were chosen based on convenience purposive sampling method. Using a randomized block design, subjects were divided into two groups: one group received vitamin C and the other group received placebo. After homogenizing groups, the experimental group was given vitamin C 1000 mg daily in two doses for 6 months and the control group received a placebo with the same method. After 6 months, bone densitometry was done and the results were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests and ANOVA. SPSS16 software was used to analyze the collected data. Significant level of 5% was considered. Results: Comparison of index mean of femoral BMD in two groups (independent t-test) and inside the groups (paired t-test) did not show any significant difference before and after the treatment (p>0.05). Comparison of the index mean of BMD in vertebral bones of trial and control groups (using independent t-test), did not show any significant difference before and after the treatment (P= 0.541 and P= 0.499, respectively) but intra groups results (using paired t-test), indicated a significant difference both in the test group (p=0.001) and in the control (p=0.001). Conclusion: Consumption of antioxidants can be effective for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. References 1- Parsay S, Rezasoltani P. Child and woman health. Tehran: sanjesh 2007. [persian] 2- Gibs R, Karlan B, Haney A, Nygard I, Valadan M. Danforth, s obstetric and gynecology. Tehran: arjomand 2008. [persian] 3- Gordon JD. 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Background and Objective: Vernal Keratoconjuctivis is an immune response in relation to environmental antigens, leading to inflammation of the conjunctiva. One of the presumable genetic factors in VKC is VSX1 gene. In this study, mutations in exon 1, exon 2 and 3'UTR of VSX1 gene in patients with VKC in Shahrekord were investigated by PCR-SSCP and PCR-HA.

Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional study, peripheral blood samples of 100 patients with VKC and 100 individuals with no confirmed eye disease as control group were investigated. Genomic DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform method and then PCR was carried out. Then, SSCP and HA were performed and the samples with shifted bands were sequenced for the type of nucleotide change. Afterwards, to investigate the observed nucleotide change, RFLP method was used.

Results: Our SSCP findings revealed six patients with shifted band in exons 1 and 2 and 13 patients in 3'UTR, which were sequenced for nucleotide change. Analysis of sequencing data showed a frameshift change (g. 25057561delG) in 3'UTR. There was no change in other sequences.

Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, VSX1 gene most probably has no effective role in VKC pathogenesis in the studied population. Therefore, the role of VSX1 genes in VKC pathogens needs further investigation.

Background and Objective: Primary hyperhidrosis is a common disorder in adolescents and young adults due to the hyperactivity of thoracic sympathetic nerves. This disorder often does not respond to medical treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic results of uniportal sympathectomy.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, all patients with severe hyperhidrosis that were operated by uniportal or multiportal endoscopic sympathectomy from 2010 until the end of 2011 were compared regarding demographic variables, admission duration, rate of recovery and complications.
Results: In 9 cases from the uniportal group (45%) and 10 cases from the multiportal group (50%), a bilateral procedure was performed in one session. Mean age, gender, marital status and location of symptoms were not significantly different between the groups. Mean admission duration in uniportal and multiportal groups was not significantly different. Recovery rate was 100% in both groups. The prevalence of hematoma and hemothorax was zero in both groups. The prevalence of pneumothorax in uniportal and multiportal groups was not significantly different (P=0.629).
Conclusion: Therapeutic results and complications are not different in uniportal and multiportal methods of thoracic sympathectomy for treatment of hyperhidrosis. Therefore, based on the better cosmetic results of the uniportal method, it is suggested as an alternative to the mulitiportal procedure.