Thu, Nov 5, 2026
[Archive]
Volume 34, Issue 4 (July & August 2026)
J Adv Med Biomed Res 2026, 34(4): 401-411 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Al-Ghalibi Z Q, Al.Ali A A, Mohaus H A. Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Sinapis alba Reprogram Apoptosis and Cell Survival Signaling in Esophageal Cancer Cells. J Adv Med Biomed Res 2026; 34 (4) :401-411
URL: http://journal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-8010-en.html
URL: http://journal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-8010-en.html
1- Department of Biology ,College of Education- Qurna ,University of Basrah, Iraq , zahraaqusay355@gmail.com
2- College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah , Iraq
3- Department of Biology ,College of Education- Qurna ,University of Basrah, Iraq
2- College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah , Iraq
3- Department of Biology ,College of Education- Qurna ,University of Basrah, Iraq
Abstract: (582 Views)
Background & Objective: Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy characterized by a poor prognosis and limited response to conventional therapies. This study evaluated the in vitro anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using the aqueous seed extract of Sinapis alba against the human esophageal cancer cell line SKGT-4, in comparison with the human non-cancerous epithelial cell line HBL-100.
Materials & Methods: AgNPs were synthesized from a 1 mM AgNO3 solution and characterized via UV–Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, zeta potential, and FTIR analyses. Cytotoxicity, cell migration, apoptosis, and the relative expression of Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 were assessed using cell viability assays, migration assays, AO/EB staining, and RT-qPCR, respectively.
Results: The AgNPs were spherical to quasi-spherical, with particle sizes of 40–50 nm (SEM) and 10–30 nm (TEM). UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption peak at 430 nm, XRD confirmed a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, EDX showed a silver content of 71.1%, and the zeta potential (–31.4 mV) indicated favorable colloidal stability. The AgNPs significantly inhibited SKGT-4 cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, achieving approximately 87% inhibition after 72 h with an IC50 of 220 µg/mL, compared with 456 µg/mL for HBL-100 cells. Furthermore, they inhibited cell migration, promoted apoptosis, significantly upregulated Caspase-8, and maintained Caspase-9 expression near control levels.
Conclusion: Sinapis alba-derived AgNPs exhibited selective in vitro anticancer activity against esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting proliferation and migration while promoting apoptosis, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic candidates.
Materials & Methods: AgNPs were synthesized from a 1 mM AgNO3 solution and characterized via UV–Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, zeta potential, and FTIR analyses. Cytotoxicity, cell migration, apoptosis, and the relative expression of Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 were assessed using cell viability assays, migration assays, AO/EB staining, and RT-qPCR, respectively.
Results: The AgNPs were spherical to quasi-spherical, with particle sizes of 40–50 nm (SEM) and 10–30 nm (TEM). UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption peak at 430 nm, XRD confirmed a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, EDX showed a silver content of 71.1%, and the zeta potential (–31.4 mV) indicated favorable colloidal stability. The AgNPs significantly inhibited SKGT-4 cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, achieving approximately 87% inhibition after 72 h with an IC50 of 220 µg/mL, compared with 456 µg/mL for HBL-100 cells. Furthermore, they inhibited cell migration, promoted apoptosis, significantly upregulated Caspase-8, and maintained Caspase-9 expression near control levels.
Conclusion: Sinapis alba-derived AgNPs exhibited selective in vitro anticancer activity against esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting proliferation and migration while promoting apoptosis, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic candidates.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Bionanotechnology
Received: 2026/06/27 | Accepted: 2026/08/10 | Published: 2026/08/4
Received: 2026/06/27 | Accepted: 2026/08/10 | Published: 2026/08/4
References
1. Srinivasan LV, Rana SS. A critical review of various synthesis methods of nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical, regenerative medicine, food packaging, and environment. Discover Appl Sci. 2024;6:371 [DOI:10.1007/s42452-024-06040-8]
2. Osman AI., Zhang Y, Farghali M, Rashwan AK, Eltaweil AS, Monaem A,et al. Synthesis of green nanoparticles for energy, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and food applications: A review. Environment Chem Lett.2024; 22(2): 841-87. [DOI:10.1007/s10311-023-01682-3]
3. Turnquist C, Taylor TR, Al-Mossawi H, Watson RA. The principles of neoplasia and oncology. Surgery-Oxford International Edition.2024; 42(3):125-32. [DOI:10.1016/j.mpsur.2023.12.002]
4. Ilic I, Zivanovic Macuzic I, Ravic-Nikolic A, Ilic M, Milicic V. Global burden of esophageal cancer and its risk factors: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Life.2024; 15(1): 24. [DOI:10.3390/life15010024] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Mitrović PM, Stamenković OS, Banković-Ilić I, Djalović IG, Nježić ZB, Farooq M,et al. White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) oil in biodiesel production: A review. Front Plant Sci.2020; 11, 299. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2020.00299] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. 6- Alharbi NS, Khaled JM, Alanazi K, Kadaikunnan S, Alobaidi AS. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Senna alexandrina grown in Saudi Arabia and their bioactivity against multidrug-resistant pathogens and cancer cells. Saudi Pharmaceut J.2023; 31(6): 911-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.015] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Al-Ghalibi ZQA, Al-Ali AA, Mahous HA. Green synthesis of environmentally friendly silver nanoparticles with Solanum melongena plant peels and Sinapis alba plant seeds extract. Accepted for publication in Basrah Journal of Science
8. Al-Ali AA, Alsalami KA, Athbi AM. Cytotoxic effects of CeO2 NPs and β-Carotene and their ability to induce apoptosis in human breast normal and cancer cell lines. Iraq J Sci.2022;923-37. [DOI:10.24996/ijs.2022.63.3.2]
9. Ullah I, Khalil AT, Ali M, Iqbal J, Ali W, Alarifi s,et al. Green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles induced apoptotic cell death in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species and activating caspase 3 and 9 enzyme activities. Oxid Med Cell Longevit.2020; 2020(1): 1215395. [DOI:10.1155/2020/1215395] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. 10-Aghara H, Samanta S, Patel M, Chadha P, Patel D, Jha A, et al. (2025). Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Enicostemma littorale exhibit gut tight junction restoration and hepatoprotective activity via regulation of the inflammatory pathway. Pharmaceutics.2025; 17(7): 895. [DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics17070895] [PMID] [PMCID]
11. Paua JC. In vitro anticancer activity of Phyla nodiflora. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci B Zool. 2022;14:397-409. [DOI:10.21608/eajbsz.2022.274521]
12. Wang R, Zhong H, Wang C, Huang X, Huang A, Du N ,et al. Tumor malignancy by genetic transfer between cells forming cell-in-cell structures. Cell Death & Disease.2023; 14(3):195. [DOI:10.1038/s41419-023-05707-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Falih SM, Al-Saray ST, Alfaris AA, Al-Ali AA. The synergistic effect of eucalyptus oil and retinoic acid on human esophagus cancer cell line SK-GT-4. Egyptian journal of medical human genetics.2022; 23(1):70. [DOI:10.1186/s43042-022-00259-z]
14. Al-Batat Zha. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway study. MSc Thesis, Univ Basrah. 2023.
15. Iwuji H Saha, Ghann W, Dotson D, Bhuiya K, Parvez M, et al., Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and their promising antimicrobial effects. Chem Phys Impact. 2024;9:100758 [DOI:10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100758]
16. Singh A, Sharma B, Deswal R. Green silver nanoparticles from novel Brassicaceae cultivars with enhanced antimicrobial potential than earlier reported Brassicaceae members. J Trace Element Med Biol .2018;47, 1-11 [DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.01.001] [PMID]
17. Demirel Bayik G, Baykal B. Impact of plant species on the synthesis and characterization of biogenic silver nanoparticles: A comparative study of brassica oleracea, Corylus avellana, and camellia sinensis. Nanomaterials.2024; 14(23): 1954. [DOI:10.3390/nano14231954] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Somda D, Bargul JL, Wesonga JM, Wachira SW. Green synthesis of Brassica carinata microgreen silver nanoparticles, characterization, safety assessment, and antimicrobial activities. Sci Rep.2024;14(1): 29273. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-80528-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Ansar S, Tabassum H, Aladwan NS, Naiman Ali M, Almaarik B, AlMahrouqi S,et al.. Eco friendly silver nanoparticles synthesis by Brassica oleracea and its antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Scientific Reports.2020; 10(1):18564. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-74371-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Okur EE, Akdaşçi E, Eker F, Bechelany M , Karav S. Silver nanoparticles as anticancer agents: mechanisms insight, current studies, and limitations. Pharmaceuticals.2026 19(2): 241 . [DOI:10.3390/ph19020241] [PMID] [PMCID]
21. Siquan L, Weilin C, Xiuwen C, Meiyan Z, Weihong G, Xiaoli F. Evaluating the safety and efficiency of nanomaterials: A focus on mitochondrial health. Biomed Pharmacother.2024; 180: 117484. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117484] [PMID]
22. Xiong H, Nie X, Cao W, Zhu J, Chen J, Liu R,et al. Investigation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway and lipid peroxidation level induced by biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: Caspase-3 activation, BAK1/BCLx regulation and malondialdehyde production. Cancer Nanotechnology.2024;15(1): 13. [DOI:10.1186/s12645-024-00248-4]
23. Ahsan A, Gao GF, Tian WX. Phytogenic silver nanoparticles derived from Ricinus communis and Aloe barbadensis: synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of Biomedical Potential. Bioengineering.2025; 12(11);1273 [DOI:10.3390/bioengineering12111273] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Brodzikowska A, Górski B, Michałowski K. Phytochemistry and application of white Mustard (Sinapis alba) in medicine and dentistry-A narrative review. Molecules.2026; 31(4). [DOI:10.3390/molecules31040674] [PMID] [PMCID]
25. Zubair H. Principles, techniques, and precautions in transwell migration and invasion assays for cancer cell metastasis research.protocol.io.2023; [DOI:10.17504/protocols.io.5qpvo3wn9v4o/v1]
26. Mustafa M, Ahmad R, Tantry IQ, Ahmad W, Siddiqui S, Alam M, et al. Apoptosis: a comprehensive overview of signaling pathways, morphological changes, and physiological significance and therapeutic implications.2024; Cells, 13(22): 1838 [DOI:10.3390/cells13221838] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Ullah I, Khalil AT, Ali M, Iqbal J, Ali W, Alarifi S,et al.Green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles induced apoptotic cell death in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species and activating caspase 3 and 9 enzyme activities. Oxid Med Cell Long.2020; 2020(1): 1215395. [DOI:10.1155/2020/1215395] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Bandara S, Du H, Carson L, Bradford D, Kommalapati R. Agricultural and biomedical applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials. Nanomaterials.2020; 10(10): 1903. [DOI:10.3390/nano10101903] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Wu Z, Hu Y, Hao R, Li R, Lu X, Itale M,et al. Research progress of genomics applications in secondary metabolites of medicinal plants: a case study in safflower.2025; Int J Mol Sci. 26(8), 3867. [DOI:10.3390/ijms26083867] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Janthong A, Utama K, Khamto N, Chawapun P, Siriphong S, Van Doan H,et al. Semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives from Boesenbergia rotunda induce extrinsic apoptosis pathway via caspase-3 and caspase-8 in HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. Bioorgan Chem.2025; 159, 108343. [DOI:10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108343] [PMID]
31. Pandey P, Lakhanpal S, Bishoyi AK, Jyothi SR, Mishra S, Verma M,et al. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant extracts: a comprehensive review focused on anticancer therapy. Front Pharmacol.2025; 16:1600347. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2025.1600347] [PMID] [PMCID]
32. Leiphrakpam PD, Are C. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as a target for colorectal cancer treatment. Int J Mol Sci.2024; 25(6): 3178. [DOI:10.3390/ijms25063178] [PMID] [PMCID]
33. Kumar A, Rai Y, Bhatt AN. Anti-cancer drug-mediated increase in mitochondrial mass limits the application of metabolic viability-based MTT assay in cytotoxicity screening. Cytotechnology.2024;76(3), 301-11. [DOI:10.1007/s10616-024-00618-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Taherpour A, Zarban A, Asadian AH, Karbasi S, Shakibaie M. Efficacy of curcumin-synthesized silver nanoparticles on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Med Oncol.2025; 42(7), 265. [DOI:10.1007/s12032-025-02809-y] [PMID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Copyright Policy
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research by Zanjan University of Medical Sciences is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0
