Background and Objective: Working in sitting posture, specially using a poorly designed chair is one of the critical risk factors in developing low back pain. Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and has been reported to occur in 50-90% of all adults with recurrent rate of up to 90%. The objective of this study was to design and develop ergonomic chair for Iranian office workers. Materials and Methods: In this study, chair-related anthropometric dimensions of 303 Iranian office workers were measured in both genders. ANSI-HFES 100/1988 standard protocol was used for chair design. Finally, using a usability test, the designed ergonomic chair was assessed by 60 men and women office workers. Results: Using anthropometrics measurements and ergonomic criteria for chair design and also considering technical limitations, an ergonomic chair was made. Then this ergonomic chair was compared with old made chair designs. Office workers' assessments between old chair design and new one showed a significant difference. Conclusion: In this study, design and development of construction of an ergonomic chair was successfully made which could be applicable to Iranian office workers in order to provide their comfort and well being.

The term aplasia cutis is used to describe congenital localized defects of the skin. The most common site is scalp. The preauricular location is a rare form of aplasia cutis. The presented patient in this paper had skin tag and atrophy in preauricular region from after birth. Skin biopsy was performed, but surgical wound site was not healed. The results of precise investigation, deep biopsy and existence of localized skin atrophy guided to aplasia cutis diagnosis. Aplasia cutis could be recommended in every patient with skin atrophy. The treatments include protection, excision and skin graft or flap.

Background and Objective: TMC1 gene mutations are known as the most common causes of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss (ARNSHL) in different populations. According to large size of the TMC1 gene and the large number of identified mutations in this gene, application of polymorphic markers is suggested for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in families. In this study, informativeness of D9S1876 STR marker with CA repeat was evaluated in five various ethnic groups of the Iranian population including Fars, Azeri, Turkmen, Gilak and Arab. Materials and Methods: The D9S1876 locus located within the TMC1 gene region was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. The genotyping data from 165 unrelated healthy individuals were analyzed by GeneMarker HID Human STR Identity software, GenePop program and Microsatellite Tools software. Results: The obtained results via GenePop indicated the presence of 9 alleles of D9S1876 marker in Iranian population. The most frequent allele computed for 148bp with 34.85% frequency. The maximum heterozygosity observed in Arab people with 90.9%. The data of PIC value demonstrated that the D9S1876 marker was found highly informative in the population examined (PIC value above 0.7). Conclusion: D9S1876 can be suggested as a highly informative marker for possible carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of TMC1 gene based ARNSHL by linkage analysis in Iranian population. References 1- Marazita ML, Ploughman LM, Rawlings B, Remington E, Arnos KS, Nance WE. Genetic epidemiological studies of early-onset deafness in the US school-age population. Am J Med Genet. 1993 46: 486-91. 2- Kenneson A, Braun KVN, Boyle C. GJB2 (connexin 26) variants and nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss: a HuGE review. Genet Med. 2002 4: 258-74. 3- Gorlin RJ, Toriello HV, Cohen MM. Hereditary hearing loss and its syndromes: Oxford University Press 1995. 4- Hilgert N, Smith RJH, Van Camp G. Forty-six genes causing nonsyndromic hearing impairment: which ones should be analyzed in DNA diagnostics. Mutat Res. 2009 681 :189-96. 5- Tabatabaiefar MA, Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M. Genetic linkage analysis of 15 DFNB Loci in a group of Iranian families with autosomal recessive hearing loss. Iran J Public Health. 2011 34-48. 6- Zhao H, Pfeiffer R, Gail MH. Haplotype analysis in population genetics and association studies. Pharmacogenomics. 2003 4: 171-8. 7- Rabionet R, Zelante L, Lopez-Bigas N, et al. Molecular basis of childhood deafness resulting from mutations in the GJB2 (connexin 26) gene. Hum Gene. 2000 106: 40-4 8- Kurima K, Peters LM, Yang Y, et al. Dominant and recessive deafness caused by mutations of a novel gene, TMC1, required for cochlear hair-cell function. Nat Genet. 2002 30: 277-84. 9- De Heer A-M, Collin RW, Huygen PL, et al. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss and normal vestibular function in a Dutch DFNB7/11 family with a novel mutation in TMC1. Audiol Neurotol. 2010 16: 93-105. 10- Kitajiri S, McNamara R, Makishima T, et al. Identities, frequencies and origins of TMC1 mutations causing DFNB7/B11 deafness in Pakistan. Clin Genet. 2007 72: 546-50. 11- Meyer CG, Gasmelseed NM, Mergani A, et al. Novel TMC1 structural and splice variants associated with congenital nonsyndromic deafness in a Sudanese pedigree. Hum Mutat. 2005 25: 100. 12- Sirmaci A, Duman D, Öztürkmen-Akay H, et al. Mutations in TMC1 contribute significantly to nonsyndromic autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss: a report of five novel mutations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 73: 699-705. 13- Yazdanpanahi N, Chaleshtori MH, Tabatabaiefar MA, et al. The novel TMC1 mutations in Iranian families with autosomal recessive hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012 76: 845-50. 14- Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Hardenbol P, et al. The international hapmap project. Nature. 2003 426: 789-96. 15- Elahi E, Kumm J, Ronaghi M. Global genetic analysis. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 37: 11-27. 16- Hildebrand CE, David C, Torney WRP, Wagner P. Informativeness of polymorphic DNA markers. Los Alamos Science. 1992 20:100-2. 17- UniSTS database. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe? 18- Mammalian Genotyping Service. Available from: http://research.marshfieldclinic.org 19- Miller S, Dykes D, Polesky H. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 16: 1215. 20- Raymond M, Rousset F. Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Evolution. 1995 49:1280-3. 21- Weir BS. Genetic data analysis II: methods for discrete population genetic data. Sinauer associates, Inc 1996. 22- Engels WR. Exact tests for hardy-weinberg proportions. Genetics. 2009 183: 1431-41. 23- Guo SW, Thompson EA. Performing the exact test of hardy-weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics. 1992 48: 361-72. 24- Park SDE. Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection. Ph D thesis, Dublin University. 2001.

Background and Objective: Generally, 75% of women experience vaginal candidiasis at least once in their lifetime. This study aimed to determine the effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus vaginal probiotic capsule on vaginal colonization and treatment results after treating vulvar and vaginal candidiasis.
Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 58 women suffering from vulvar and vaginal candidiasis (based on swab cultures). After treating the patients with clotrimazole 2% vaginal cream, the samples were randomly assigned to probiotic (n=28) and placebo (n=30) groups. While first group took lactobacillus rhamnosus vaginal probiotic capsules twice a day for one week, the second group used vaginal placebo capsules. The patients were examined regarding swab cultures, vaginal lactobacillus colonization, vaginal pH, and clinical symptoms of vulvar and vaginal candidiasis 2-5 days before and 1 month after taking the capsules. Then, the data were fed to SPSS and analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, repeated measures ANOVA, and post-hoc test.
Results: The results showed no significant difference between the two groups concerning the results of fungal culture. Moreover, despite the increase in vaginal lactobacillus colonization in the probiotic group, no significant difference was found between the two groups at different time periods (p=0.255). The results also showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean change of vaginal pH at different time periods (p=0.480).
Conclusion: It seems that using vaginal lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic capsules was somewhat effective in vaginal lactobacilli colonization in patients with vaginal candidiasis. However, it was not effective in pH changes and treatment results.

Background and Objective: Due to the numerous side effects of synthetic analgesics, attention has been paid to find new analgesic agents with fewer side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic properties of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in mice.
Materials and Methods: In this study, eighty male NMRI mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups including a control group, groups receiving Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg and a group that received morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of morphine and essential oil, pain response was determined using hot plate and tail immersion tests.
Results: In the hot plate test, 100 mg/kg of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil showed significant analgesic effect compared with the control group but, 50 and 25 mg/kg doses of essential oil did not  show any significant effect. Intraperitoneal injection of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil at a dose of 100 mg/kg increased resistance to the hot water at 0, 2, 4 and 6 minutes after the beginning of the tail immersion
test (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed the analgesic effect of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil on mice.

Background and Objective: Delinquent behavior of adolescents is one of the major concerns of societies, families and social institutions. Therefore, a comprehensive and multi-component analysis of this issue can lead to effective interventions. This study was an effort to find the relationship of personality factors, emotion regulation, antisocial cognition, mental health, and life fields in juvenile delinquency behaviors.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study, 394 male high school students in Zanjan, from the second, third and fourth grades were selected using the cluster sampling in the academic year  2015-2016. Data were collected using Neo Personality Questionnaire, Grass & John Emotion Scale, Mental Health Questionnaire, Singer Family Scale, Collaborating with criminal Peers by Pascal Grossmic Self-Control Questionnaire, Scale Otting school satisfaction, Walter’s antitrust cognitive questionnaire, Iranian adolescent risk taking  questionnaire and delinquent behavior questionnaire  and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.
Results: The results of the multiple regression showed that delinquent behaviors had a positive and significant relationship with self-control variables (P <0.001), delinquent peers (P <0.001), antisocial cognition (P <0.001)(P = 0.44), while the relationship with family monitoring (P = 0.006) and conscientiousness (P = 0.003) was negative and significant.
Conclusion: Delinquent peers, self-control, antisocial cognition, family monitoring, conscientiousness, and neuroticism have independent relationship with juvenile delinquency behaviors.

Background & Objective: Social support helps patients cope with the outcomes of diseases and therapy side effects. However, there is little information about the social support status among Iranian cancer patients. This study assessed the amount of perceived social support status (SSQN) and satisfaction (SSQS) in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients based on socio-economic factors.
Methods & Materials: This study was carried out in 2018 on all GI cancer patients referred to health centers in the province of Zanjan (i.e., Vali-e Asr teaching hospital and Mehraneh charity clinic for cancer therapy). The Persian version of Sarason’s social support questionnaire was applied.
Results: The questionnaire was completed by 284 patients. The average amount of SSQN was 3.56±1.25. The average score of SSQS was 4.87±0.57. Network dimension and satisfaction status were significantly correlated (P<0.001). Groups were significantly different in terms of their satisfaction (P<0.001), whereas they were the same in terms of network size.
Conclusion: Cancer patients reported high levels of social support in terms of network (SSQN), but were not highly pleased with the support received (SSQS). More secure employment, higher income, a higher level of education, and being an urban resident are predictors of high levels of satisfaction of perceived social support.

 Background & Objective:  Based on the cultural and structural boundaries in Iran in terms of the presence of doulas through the delivery, the importance of making the delivery more desirable for mothers, and since few important studies have been conducted on this topic in Iran, this study evaluated the effects of the presence of a doula on anxiety and pain in pregnant women during delivery.
 Materials & Methods:  This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 80 pregnant women referred to Ayatollah Musavi Hospital (Zanjan, Iran) in 2016. For women in the intervention group, the doula provided emotional and physical support. The mothers' pain severity and anxiety were measured by using a visual analog scale (VAS) and Spielberger questionnaire, respectively. Categorical and continuous variables were compared using chi-square and t tests, respectively.
 Results:  We found that a higher proportion of patients had experienced mild anxiety about entering the postpartum period (47.5% vs 15%) and exiting it (80% vs 40%; P<0.05) compared to the control group.  Also, the mean VAS score was significantly higher in the control group at 4-5 cm (86.5±11.39 vs 78.62±14.0; P=0.007) and 7-8 cm of cervical dilatation (99.0±4.41 vs 95.0±8.47; P=0.01) stages.
 Conclusion:  The presence of a trained doula during labor can ease the mental consequences of delivery and decrease women's anxiety and pain during labor.

Background and Objective: Evidence about the effect of theophylline and gabapentin on post-spinal headache is rare. Therefore, in this study, we compared the effect of gabapentin and theophylline on post-spinal headache after cesarean section.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial on 120 pregnant women, who underwent spinal anesthesia due to cesarean section; they had experienced post-spinal headache. They were randomly assigned to the study groups, including gabapentin and theophylline groups.
The gabapentin group received 400 mg of gabapentin, every eight hours for 24 hours. The theophylline group also received 200 mg theophylline, every eight hours for 24 hours. The visual analog scale (VAS) score was compared between the two groups before the intervention and 8, 16 and 24 hours after the intervention. Statistical analysis was done using Student's t-test. P-value less than 5% was considered as significant.
Results: There was not any significant difference between the two groups in regards of VAS score, before the intervention and 8 and 16 hours after the intervention; the significant lower VAS score was reported by the theophylline group, 24 hours after the intervention (0.7±1.79 vs. 2.23±2.58, P=0.014). Reductions in the VAS score during 8 hours (3.14 vs. 2.67), 16 hours (4.7 vs. 3.47) and 24 hours (5.5 vs. 3.8) were compared after the intervention; it was higher in the post-intervention compared to the pre-intervention in the theophylline group.
Conclusion: The present clinical trial study showed that reduction in the VAS score was significantly higher in the theophylline group compared to the gabapentin group, only within 24 hours. Both gabapentin and theophylline were effective against post-spinal headache, but Theophylline was more effective on pain relief within 24 hours.

Background and Objective: Growth is an important marker of child health. It has been shown recently that a chronic inflammatory condition, known as Environmental Enteric Dysfunction might play a more significant role on growth velocity than clinical infections. The present study aims to investigate the fecal myeloperoxidase concentration (a marker of gut inflammation) and its relationship with growth velocity.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 74 children from rural population of Iran (2 to 5 years of age) were randomly included. The heights and weights of the children were measured at a quarterly interval. The stool samples were obtained from all children in order to measure myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration. The growth velocity was assessed on the basis of height for age Z-score and weight for age Z-score changes. A questionnaire on socioeconomic status was also completed by children’s parents.
Results: 82 children aged 2 to 5 years (37 females and 45 males) with mean age of 40.63 ± 12.7 months participated in this study. The mean fecal MPO level was 71.26 ng/ml (Min – Max: 2 – 232.33 ng/ml). There was no significant relationship between fecal myeloperoxidase level and changes in height and weight Z scores. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between socioeconomic status of households and fecal myeloperoxidase level.
Conclusion: The mean level of fecal MPO in the present study was lower than similar studies. This significant difference might be mainly due to the better social status of families and environmental conditions of villages in our study.

Background and Objective: Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is caused due to coronary artery occlusion and divided into two forms of ST-elevation (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation (NSTEMI) myocardial infarction. This study aimed to determine the success rate of treatment with primary PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) versus thrombolysis in the establishment of perfusion and to evaluate the short-term complications caused by each method.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 90 patients were selected for primary PCI treatment and 90 patients for thrombolytic treatment. Clinical data and basic demographic characteristics of the patients and cardiovascular risk factors were recorded. The success rate of coronary reperfusion by primary PCI and thrombolytic therapy was then determined by angiography and 90-minute ECG with resolution or improvement of chest pain. All patients were examined for any serious complications such as cerebrovascular accidents, shock, and heart failure for 30 days after treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 20.
Results: In the primary PCI group, 75.6% of the patients were males, and 24.4% were females, but in the thrombolytic group, 76.6% and 23.3% of the cases were males and females, respectively. The mean door-to-balloon time for PCI was 63.60 ± 23.92 and was 53.70 ±21.52 min in the thrombolytic group. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade III and TIMI-II were the most frequent in primary PCI and thrombolytic groups, respectively. The odds ratio (OD) of mechanical MI and major arrhythmia in patients received the primary PCI compared to those received thrombolytic therapy was 0.24 and 0.66, respectively. Also, the OD of mortality in the primary PCI group was 2.12.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in STEMI patients, the chances of short-term complications such as post-MI mechanical complications, major arrhythmia, and bleeding requiring blood transfusion were lower in patients who were treated with primary PCI than those who received thrombolytic treatment. Also, the average hospitalization in CCU and hospital in the primary PCI group was lower than the thrombolytic group.

Background and Objective: Regarding the high prevalence of sepsis, it is important to discover methods to control this condition. Valuable effect of vitamin C in vasopressin synthesis is demonstrated, moreover, its antioxidant effect reduces vascular infiltration. Therefore, the beneficial effects of vitamin C in prognosis of the patients who have been admitted to Vali-e- Asr hospital in Zanjan, Iran with the diagnosis of sepsis have been evaluated.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was planned on patients with sepsis who have been admitted to the infectious ward of Vali-e-Asr hospital in Zanjan. Patients with sepsis above 18 years old from June to March 2020 have been included in this study. Data of patients whom have received intravenous vitamin C, 25 mg/kg/24h for 4 days, and patients without reception vitamin C was collected from their files. Their demographic, clinical and para clinical information were collected, then the information was analyzed.
Results: 54 patients (26 received vitamin C and 28 did not receive vitamin C) were enrolled in this study. Considering that the two groups were matched from the beginning of the study, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups of patients in demographic characteristics. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the sepsis induced complications, e.g. laboratory findings, mean days of hospitalization in ICU and SOFA score.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that no clear statistically significant difference was found between the two groups of control and vitamin C received groups; nonetheless for precise conclusion more studies with larger groups are required.