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Volume 34, Issue 2 (March & April 2026)
J Adv Med Biomed Res 2026, 34(2): 175-183 |
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Namiranian N, Mirhosseini N, Foroozanfar Z, Khaki A, Mahmoudi Kohani H A, Injinari N. Risk Factors Associated with Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children Under Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in Yazd, Iran. J Adv Med Biomed Res 2026; 34 (2) :175-183
URL: http://journal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-7868-en.html
URL: http://journal.zums.ac.ir/article-1-7868-en.html
Nasim Namiranian1 
, Naserali Mirhosseini2 , Zohre Foroozanfar3 , Arefe Khaki1 , Hassan ali Mahmoudi Kohani3 , Nastaran Injinari *4
, Naserali Mirhosseini2 , Zohre Foroozanfar3 , Arefe Khaki1 , Hassan ali Mahmoudi Kohani3 , Nastaran Injinari *4
1- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
2- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran & Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran ,nastaraninjinari@gmail.com
2- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
3- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4- Diabetes Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran & Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran ,
Abstract: (363 Views)
Background & Objective: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a common autoimmune disease in children. Recent trends show a decreasing age at onset, raising concerns about contributing factors. This study aimed to identify factors associated with early‑onset T1DM in children under five years of age in Yazd, Iran.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 108 newly diagnosed T1DM patients registered with the Iran Rare Diseases Foundation between March 2020 and March 2024. Participants were divided into two groups based on age at diagnosis: ≤5 years and >5 years. Data on family history, pregnancy-related, neonatal, and early childhood factors were collected via standardized checklists and parental interviews. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed to evaluate factors associated with early-onset T1DM.
Results: Of the participants, 22.2% were diagnosed at ≤5 years of age. Maternal infection during pregnancy was significantly more common among early-onset cases (20.8% vs. 4.8%, p=0.025), increasing the odds of early-onset T1DM by 5.26 times. Introduction of cow’s milk at or after one year of age showed a protective effect against early-onset T1DM (OR= 0.07, p=0.027). No other factors were significantly associated with early-onset T1DM.
Conclusion: Maternal infections during pregnancy and early introduction of cow’s milk are important factors associated with early-onset T1DM in children under five years of age. These findings highlight the potential role of prenatal and nutritional factors in the development of early-onset T1DM and emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 108 newly diagnosed T1DM patients registered with the Iran Rare Diseases Foundation between March 2020 and March 2024. Participants were divided into two groups based on age at diagnosis: ≤5 years and >5 years. Data on family history, pregnancy-related, neonatal, and early childhood factors were collected via standardized checklists and parental interviews. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed to evaluate factors associated with early-onset T1DM.
Results: Of the participants, 22.2% were diagnosed at ≤5 years of age. Maternal infection during pregnancy was significantly more common among early-onset cases (20.8% vs. 4.8%, p=0.025), increasing the odds of early-onset T1DM by 5.26 times. Introduction of cow’s milk at or after one year of age showed a protective effect against early-onset T1DM (OR= 0.07, p=0.027). No other factors were significantly associated with early-onset T1DM.
Conclusion: Maternal infections during pregnancy and early introduction of cow’s milk are important factors associated with early-onset T1DM in children under five years of age. These findings highlight the potential role of prenatal and nutritional factors in the development of early-onset T1DM and emphasize the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Clinical Medicine
Received: 2025/09/28 | Accepted: 2026/04/12 | Published: 2026/05/20
Received: 2025/09/28 | Accepted: 2026/04/12 | Published: 2026/05/20
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